Voluntary vs. Coerced Participation?
Voluntary: Chosen freely. Coerced: Forced by government.
Authoritarian vs. Democratic Regimes (participation)?
Authoritarian: Intimidate opposition, illusion of influence. Democratic: Citizen control of policy-making.
Supportive vs. Oppositional participation?
Supportive: In support of the regime. Oppositional: Against the regime.
Formal vs. Informal participation?
Formal: Voting. Informal: Protests.
Individual vs. Group-based participation?
Individual: Voting. Group-based: Protests.
State-directed vs. Independent participation?
State-directed: Under the direction of the state. Independent: Independent of the state.
Compulsory vs. Voluntary voting?
Compulsory: Required by law. Voluntary: Chosen freely.
Participation in authoritarian vs. democratic regimes?
Authoritarian: Often coerced, used for legitimacy illusion. Democratic: Generally voluntary, for citizen control.
Protests in authoritarian vs. democratic regimes?
Authoritarian: Often suppressed, countered by state. Democratic: Protected, organized by civil society.
Voting in Australia vs. Mexico?
Australia: Compulsory and enforced. Mexico: Compulsory but not enforced.
What is political participation?
How individuals and groups engage in the political process.
Define voluntary participation.
Participation chosen freely by individuals.
Define coerced participation.
Participation forced by the government.
What is civil society?
Shared interests, purposes, and values of non-governmental agencies enhancing citizen participation in policymaking.
Define legitimacy.
The right to rule as determined by citizens.
What are safety valves?
Processes that allow discontented citizens to express themselves to prevent rebellion.
What is a referendum?
A vote allowing citizens to vote directly on policy questions.
Define compulsory voting.
Voting required by law.
Define counter-protests.
Protests organized to diminish the impact of opposition protests.
What is supportive participation?
Political participation in support of the regime.
Cause and effect of Zapatista Army declaration of war?
Cause: Demanding rights for indigenous populations. Effect: Expanded indigenous rights.
Cause and effect of 2009 Uyghur riots in China?
Cause: Dissatisfaction with government treatment. Effect: Government violence and concentration camps.
Cause and effect of Chechen conflict in Russia?
Cause: Chechen resistance to Russian control. Effect: Russian military force.
Cause and effect of violent political behavior?
Cause: Citizens feel conventional options are ineffective. Effect: Increased likelihood of violent actions.
Cause and effect of referenda?
Cause: Promote democratic policymaking, bypass legislature. Effect: Citizens directly decide on policy.
Cause and effect of Boko Haram violence in Nigeria?
Cause: Desire to create an independent state. Effect: Nigerian government response with violence.
Cause and effect of Iran's response to protests?
Cause: Protests over oil prices, calls for removal of Supreme Leader. Effect: Internet shutdowns and violence.
Cause and effect of Russia's annexation of Crimea?
Cause: Expansionist goals, political influence. Effect: International condemnation, ongoing conflict.
Cause and effect of protests as safety valves?
Cause: Citizen discontent. Effect: Prevention of rebellion through expression.
Cause and effect of formal political participation?
Cause: Enhance legitimacy, gather input. Effect: Act as a safety valve, check government policies.
