All Flashcards
What is political participation?
How individuals and groups engage in the political process.
Define voluntary participation.
Participation chosen freely by individuals.
Define coerced participation.
Participation forced by the government.
What is civil society?
Shared interests, purposes, and values of non-governmental agencies enhancing citizen participation in policymaking.
Define legitimacy.
The right to rule as determined by citizens.
What are safety valves?
Processes that allow discontented citizens to express themselves to prevent rebellion.
What is a referendum?
A vote allowing citizens to vote directly on policy questions.
Define compulsory voting.
Voting required by law.
Define counter-protests.
Protests organized to diminish the impact of opposition protests.
What is supportive participation?
Political participation in support of the regime.
What is the purpose of compulsory voting policies?
To increase voter turnout and ensure broader representation.
What is the effect of internet shutdown policies in Iran?
To suppress dissent and control information flow during protests.
Voluntary vs. Coerced Participation?
Voluntary: Chosen freely. Coerced: Forced by government.
Authoritarian vs. Democratic Regimes (participation)?
Authoritarian: Intimidate opposition, illusion of influence. Democratic: Citizen control of policy-making.
Supportive vs. Oppositional participation?
Supportive: In support of the regime. Oppositional: Against the regime.
Formal vs. Informal participation?
Formal: Voting. Informal: Protests.
Individual vs. Group-based participation?
Individual: Voting. Group-based: Protests.
State-directed vs. Independent participation?
State-directed: Under the direction of the state. Independent: Independent of the state.
Compulsory vs. Voluntary voting?
Compulsory: Required by law. Voluntary: Chosen freely.
Participation in authoritarian vs. democratic regimes?
Authoritarian: Often coerced, used for legitimacy illusion. Democratic: Generally voluntary, for citizen control.
Protests in authoritarian vs. democratic regimes?
Authoritarian: Often suppressed, countered by state. Democratic: Protected, organized by civil society.
Voting in Australia vs. Mexico?
Australia: Compulsory and enforced. Mexico: Compulsory but not enforced.