Political Systems and Government Types

The presence of extensive natural resources

Predominance Of rural population over urban one

Higher levels of education among citizens

A significant income disparity between socioeconomic classes

Elected government officials exercising authority to keep themselves in power

Free and fair elections.

Limited autonomy of society from state control.

Competitive elections.

Federalism

Pluralism

Authoritarianism

Libertarianism

They rely on democratic voting processes for policy implementation which delays the response time.

They encourage too much media freedom which leads to misinformation spreading rapidly.

They may suppress information, leading to mistrust and poor public compliance with health directives.

Their decentralized governance structures create inconsistency in emergency measures.

Civil society organizations foster social capital necessary for democratic governance and can challenge authoritarian power structures.

Modernization theorists argue that civil society's only function is economic development which indirectly contributes to democratization processes.

It plays no significant role since modernization theory emphasizes economic factors over social structures during political transitions.

Civil society is seen primarily as a destabilizing force that undermines both democratic transitions and existing authoritarian regimes alike.

Local authorities have little autonomy, ensuring uniformity in policy implementation nationwide.

Centralized decision-making processes dictate policies despite diverse regional needs or identities.

Policies would be more prone to reflect regional preferences due to decentralized power structures.

Federal entities must always conform strictly to national laws without any scope for adaptation based on locality.

The discovery of new oil reserves leads to increased rent-seeking behavior and further entrenchment of the existing elite class.

An increase in education spending from oil revenues fosters a more informed electorate that demands government accountability.

Fluctuations in global oil prices contribute to widespread public dissatisfaction and subsequent political reforms toward pluralism.

External intervention by democratic states results in the imposition of liberal market policies that inadvertently strengthen civil society groups.

They typically seek to privatize national industries.

They often demand greater political freedom.

They usually support the status quo.

They often promote a single-party system.

A democratic state would suppress individual wills contrary to the majority, while an authoritarian regime would promote pluralism within society.

In both a democracy and an authoritarian regime, it would be determined by a select group of elites who interpret the common good.

In a democracy, it would be expressed through free elections and civil liberties; in an authoritarian regime, it might be imposed by the ruler as a singular vision for society.

Both systems would utilize direct democracy mechanisms such as referenda to understand and implement the general will.

Expansion of the military's independence in decision-making on national security strategies.

Consolidation of personalist leadership centering armed forces.

Support continuation of legacy military-dominated politics.

Strengthened institutional checks against unreasonable interference in domestic affairs.