Political Systems and Government Types
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of illiberal democracies that distinguishes them from liberal democracies?
Weaker protection of civil liberties.
Greater focus on economic equality.
More frequent use of direct democracy mechanisms.
Stronger emphasis on majority rule.
Which term best describes a government where power is held by one person who acquired their position through heredity rather than election?
Democracy
Oligarchy
Republic
Monarchy
In a transitioning democracy, which form of political participation most effectively ensures that marginalized groups have their interests represented in new policies?
Online petitions addressing global concerns rather than local issues.
Grassroots movements organizing around shared social issues and identity politics.
Violent demonstrations resulting in a reactionary crackdown by authorities.
Wealthy donors contributing exclusively to established political candidates.
Which concept signifies the peaceful transfer of power following elections in democracies?
Executive Order
Martial Law
Rotation in Office
Incumbency Advantage
Which one following factors NOT generally considered contributor successful process ?
Insufficient guarantees private property rights discourage investment growth
Low levels literacy education hinder understanding importance civic engagement
Presence strong single-party dominance maintaining strict ideological cohesion
Lack effective communication infrastructure relay information public
What implication does patrimonialism have on democratic transition initiatives within states where it is prevalent?
Patrimonial systems encourage transparent governance, facilitating smooth transitions
Patrimonial networks strengthen civic engagement, expediting democratic transitions
Patrimonial practices impede the development of effective institutions necessary to solidify democracy
Patrimonial relationships increase legal-rational authority, promoting accountable leadership
What form of government concentrates all powers—legislative, executive, and judicial—in the hands of central authorities?
Unitary state
Confederal arrangement
Consociational model
Federal state

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Considering civil society's role in democratization, which scenario best exemplifies its positive impact on promoting democratic governance?
Non-governmental organizations pushing for greater transparency in government spending.
Corporations lobbying for deregulation that benefits their private interests.
Ethnic militias forming autonomous zones within a state’s territory.
Elite networks manipulating legislative elections through patronage systems.
In a transitioning democracy, which informal process is most likely to strengthen checks on executive power?
The establishment of independent media outlets that investigate and report on government actions.
Persistent use of clientelism by political leaders to secure votes from certain demographics.
The continuity of dominant-party systems limiting opposition parties' access to resources.
Periodic resurgence of military influence over civilian government decisions and policy-making.
Which of the following is considered a characteristic of a consolidated democracy?
A single party holds power without elections.
Civil liberties are protected.
The military controls the government.
Citizens have limited political rights.