Political Institutions

President

Supreme Leader

Prime Minister

Monarch

A federal system with multiple veto players.

A semi-presidential system with cohabitation.

A presidential system with a strong mandate.

A parliamentary system with coalition governments.

Plurality voting systems.

Presidential systems.

Majoritarian elections.

Proportional representation.

Expressing opinions in newspapers

Issuing defense orders

Signing petitions for policy changes

Lobbying legislators

A unilateral rise in defense expenditures due to membership commitments.

The harmonization of economic policies across member states.

The suspension of diplomatic relations with non-European Union states.

An immediate increase in tariff rates for non-member countries.

It centralizes power within one dominant political party.

It often requires compromise on policies among multiple parties.

It allows for unilateral changes to constitutional structures without consent.

It leads to quicker decision-making due to less opposition.

Petitioning courts consistently under governmental control seeking legal rulings against executives.

Creating independent political parties aimed at winning executive offices during free elections.

Organizing visible anti-government protests demanding democratic reforms.

Through informal networks that exert social pressure on government officials or elites connected with them.

Domestic policies are determined exclusively by direct referendums, making individual leader ideologies irrelevant.

Semi-presidentialism ensures uniformity of ideology because either president or Prime Minister will always step down if conflicts arise.

Presidents exclusively handle foreign affairs while Prime Ministers focus only on domestic issues, eliminating any conflict over domestic policies.

The dual leadership structure necessitates negotiation and power-sharing arrangements that accommodate both leaders' ideological preferences.

The president may easily implement policies as they can bypass the legislature through executive orders.

Policy implementation may be hindered due to ideological clashes between the executive and legislative branches.

Political ideology has no significant effect since the judiciary, not the legislature, primarily checks presidential power.

Policies are implemented solely based on public opinion rather than ideological differences between branches.

Autocracy

Unitary state

Confederation

Federalism