Political Culture & Participation
Which type of government policy would most directly address social cleavages based on urban-rural divisions?
Tax cuts for corporations
Immigration reform
Universal health care legislation
Regional development programs
How might a federal system of governance, compared to a unitary system, affect the ability of ethnic minorities to exercise political influence in a state with significant ethnic cleavages?
It often allows for greater regional autonomy and representation.
It uniformly distributes resources, lessening economic disparities that underpin ethnic tensions.
It dissolves subnational identities in favor of a homogeneous national culture.
It typically centralizes power, reducing the influence of regional interests.
How do linguistic divisions complicate policy-making processes within Belgium's complex federal system?
Language-based parties tend not to participate actively within federal coalitions, simplifying legislative negotiations.
Linguistic barriers have minimal impact due to the central government's dominance over subnational entities.
Uniform policies are easily implementable due to standardization efforts nationwide, negating regional disparities.
Federal policymaking must accommodate distinct language community interests, requiring consensus across linguistic lines.
How might a shift from a unipolar to a multipolar world order most likely impact the behavior of smaller states in international relations?
They would solely rely on military power rather than forming alliances.
Smaller states would cease diplomatic relations with former superpowers.
They may engage in "bandwagoning" with emerging powers for protection and economic benefits.
They would form an alliance to collectively become a new superpower.
In countries with deep religious cleavages, which electoral system is most likely to encourage political parties to make cross-cutting appeals instead of exacerbating sectarian differences?
Single-member district plurality systems tend to magnify majority preferences.
Proportional representation systems may incentivize inclusive party platforms.
Absolute majority systems require candidates to win over half the votes, encouraging targeted appeals.
Two-round systems increase competition among similar sectarian parties in the first round.
In single-member district plurality systems, what can be said about how accountability is structured?
Representatives are directly accountable to their constituents since they must win individual districts’ votes separately.
Representatives hold collective responsibility within their respective political party structures rather than individual constituent accountability.
Representatives' accountability is diluted, as votes are spread out among various competing candidates.
Representatives focus mainly on national policies because their election depends on nationwide party support.
What impact might hosting an international sporting event like the Olympics have on a nation's domestic policies?
Policies are often changed drastically regarding foreign language education nationwide pre-event.
Increased investment in infrastructure and urban development is likely necessary for preparation.
There can be an immediate elevation in defense spending unrelated to event security requirements.
A shift towards agricultural subsidies may occur due to food consumption needs during the event.

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Which of the following is a form of political institution?
University
Parliament
Non-governmental organization (NGO)
Corporation
When considering reforms for government accountability through public transparency borrowing lessons from other nations observed in the course, which practice could be effective?
Focusing exclusively on judicial oversight mimicking Iran’s reliance on clerical supervision over elected officials
Emphasizing party discipline over individual legislator transparency reflecting China’s communist party system
Relying heavily upon self-regulation within legislative bodies inspired by Russian practices
Introducing freedom of information legislation similar to India’s Right to Information Act
Which term best identifies a form of government where citizens have significant control over their leaders through regular free and fair elections?
Theocracy
Autocracy
Democracy
Totalitarianism