Political Culture & Participation
How might a significant increase in voter turnout among a previously apathetic ethnic minority group in a plural society most likely affect the political landscape?
There will be an immediate shift towards policies favoring authoritarian governance to suppress minority influence.
Political parties may create platforms that cater more to the interests of that ethnic minority.
Voter turnout among the majority group is likely to decline due to perceived overrepresentation of minorities.
The political participation of other demographic groups will necessarily decrease as a zero-sum consequence.
Which country has fought wars in Chechnya to prevent separatist movements stemming from social cleavages?
China
Russia
Iran
UK
How might a religious cleavage within a country influence its policy-making process?
Policies are exclusively determined by secular ideologies with no input from religious groups.
The state adopts policies from other nations with similar religious demographics indiscriminately.
Policies may be influenced by religious doctrines or values held by significant portions of the population.
Religious authorities directly dictate all government policies without public consultation.
How do historical factors shape a country's political culture with regard to citizen participation?
The presence of multiple languages within a country directly reducing electoral fraud.
High rates of urbanization invariably correlating with higher political party membership.
A history of authoritarian rule may lead to public apathy and low levels of civic engagement.
Recent economic downturns fostering immediate increases in voter registration.
In which country have separatist movements emerged due to social cleavages between the north and south based on religion and regional divisions?
Nigeria
Mexico
China
Russia
Which policy could most effectively curb urban-rural inequalities in federal states according to comparative studies of similar issues within federal countries included in the AP Comparative Government curriculum?
Provide tax incentives for businesses to relocate headquarters or branches to rural areas encouraging employment growth there.
Enact land reforms to redistribute agricultural property among smallholder rural farmers promoting agricultural productivity and self-sufficiency.
Standardize education and healthcare services through central government oversight to ensure equal quality across regions.
Implement targeted fiscal transfers from wealthier to poorer regions combined with investment in rural infrastructure and economic development programs.
Which country has social cleavages based on ethnic divisions between Amerindian populations and whites/mestizos, as well as regional divisions between the north and south?
Iran
Russia
UK
Mexico

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To what extent might civil society organizations play a role in mitigating religious cleavage conflicts within plural societies?
They replace formal governance structures, becoming primary arbitrators of disputes, thus undermining state authority.
These organizations often cause further polarization, emphasizing differences rather than commonalities between faiths.
They provide platforms for interfaith dialogue, promoting understanding and collaboration among different religious groups.
Civil society organizations tend to focus only on secular issues, leaving religious tensions unaddressed and exacerbated.
What type of social cleavage do language differences often create within a nation?
Ideological cleavages
Religious cleavages
Ethnic cleavages
Class cleavages
If an authoritarian regime institutes economic reforms that lead to increased income inequality, what form of citizen engagement could emerge as a cleavage-based response?
Online petitions garnering widespread support may surface, advocating for greater foreign investment.
Labor unions might organize strikes or protests demanding more equitable economic policies.
Increased individual patronage for local businesses may occur as a show of support for the private sector.
Business elites could engage in policy discussions as part of formal legislative procedures.