Political & Economic Change in Development
What is a likely consequence of patron-client networks on the process of implementing policies promoting economic liberalization?
They facilitate rapid adoption of free-market principles across all sectors.
They decrease corruption by increasing government transparency and accountability.
They may lead to selective enforcement of regulations benefiting certain groups over others.
They ensure equitable distribution of resources during market reforms.
In which form of government does power tend to be centralized at the national level without much authority granted to smaller divisions?
Presidential democracy
Unitary state
Federal state
Confederal arrangement
What does the Neoliberalism ideology, also known as Modern Capitalism, advocate for?
Free market mechanisms and reduced government intervention
Increased government regulation of the economy
Government ownership of crucial industries
Isolation from international trade
Which policy is most commonly associated with structural adjustment programs implemented in developing countries?
Increasing subsidies for domestic agriculture production.
Reduction of trade barriers for international commerce.
Implementing strict tariffs on all imported goods.
Expanding social welfare programs for poverty alleviation.
What does the Gini Coefficient represent?
The level of government efficiency in a nation.
The amount of foreign direct investment received.
The percentage of economic growth in a year.
The degree of inequality in wealth distribution.
Which of the following is another negative impact associated with economic liberalization?
Decreased urbanization
Strengthened government control over industries
Reduced foreign direct investment (FDI)
Environmental degradation
What is the primary function of a constitution in a country's government?
To set the market prices for essential goods and services.
To outline daily administrative tasks of government officials.
To serve as a historical document with no legal binding.
To provide the fundamental principles and establish the structure of government.

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How did citizen engagement in Mexico contribute to the implementation of NAFTA in the early 1990s?
Business coalitions supporting free trade policies.
Mass demonstrations against protectionist measures.
Grassroots movements pressuring for direct democratic mechanisms.
Citizen-led initiatives promoting labor rights legislation.
Considering the political culture surrounding gender equality, how might women's participation in the workforce be affected by economic liberalization policies?
Implementation of policies that increase women's dependence on household earnings from men.
Promotion of traditional gender roles limiting women's access to certain sectors or positions.
Economic liberalization policies may support greater gender equality by increasing job opportunities and compensation for women.
Provisions limiting women from taking skilled jobs available primarily to men.
Which policy change would most likely result from an emerging market economy's efforts at alignment with European Union (EU) standards?
Decrease in the enforcement of environmental regulations.
Increase in agricultural products regardless of quality concerns.
Increase in the enforcement of environmental regulations.
Adoption of stricter environmental regulations.