Recursion: Solves problems by breaking them into smaller, self-similar subproblems. Can be more elegant for some problems. | Iteration: Solves problems by repeating a block of code until a condition is met. Generally more efficient in terms of speed and memory.

Linear Search: Checks each element sequentially. Works on unsorted arrays. | Binary Search: Repeatedly divides the search interval in half. Requires a sorted array.

Iterative Binary Search: Uses loops to narrow the search space. More efficient in terms of memory usage. | Recursive Binary Search: Calls itself with smaller sub-arrays. Can be more concise and easier to read for some programmers.

A method of solving a problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. A function calls itself with a smaller version of the original problem.

A condition in a recursive method that terminates the recursive calls and provides a direct solution.

When a function calls itself with a modified version of the original problem, usually after checking the base case.

A search algorithm that finds the position of a target value within a sorted array by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half.

An efficient, general-purpose, comparison-based sorting algorithm that divides an array into two halves, sorts each half, and then merges the sorted halves back together.

In algorithms like tree traversal, graph searching, and in compilers for parsing code.

Searching for a word in a dictionary, finding a contact in a sorted list, or locating data in a sorted database index.

Used in external sorting (sorting large datasets that don't fit in memory), and as a building block in other algorithms.