Primitive Types

Reusing existing code for new purposes without modification.

Running multiple threads or processes simultaneously.

Hiding internal data while exposing methods to interact with it.

Breaking down problems into smaller, more manageable functions.

It enhances readability by organizing related tasks together.

It allows all methods within a helper class to directly access private fields of other classes.

It merges multiple functionalities, increasing coupling between features.

It significantly reduces the amount of memory needed by the program.

They encapsulate behaviors that can be inherited by other classes.

They mandate that every class must implement interfaces for polymorphism.

They require all methods be static so they can be called without objects.

They force all data members to become public for universal access.

Stack

Queue

Priority queue

Set

The Java Virtual Machine automatically handles all uncaught exceptions internally without any impact on methods calling it.

The method terminates and passes the exception up to its caller method.

Execution continues within that method after skipping over only code where an error occurred without handling it elsewhere.

An infinite loop begins as Java continually tries to execute code where an error occurred until successful completion is achieved without handling it elsewhere.

Unchanged memory usage since both approaches are equivalent in space complexity.

Increased memory fragmentation as iteration causes non-contiguous allocation.

Increased memory usage as iteration requires more variables.

Decreased memory usage due to elimination of stack calls.

&&

||

==

!

When searching for an element in a sorted array.

When searching for an element in an unsorted linked list.

When inserting an element into an unsorted array.

When deleting all occurrences of an element in a doubly-linked list.

Binary search tree

Array list

Hash table

Linked list

Runtime doubles every time input volume increases by one unit.

Runtime decreases inversely proportionally to the input volume.

The runtime grows linearly with input size.

Runtime remains constant no matter input size.