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What are the differences between analog and digital data?
Analog: Continuous, smooth changes | Digital: Discrete, finite values.
What are the differences between ASCII and Unicode?
ASCII: Limited character set, 7 bits | Unicode: Larger character set, variable bits.
Compare decimal and binary number systems.
Decimal (Base-10): Uses 0-9 | Binary (Base-2): Uses 0 and 1.
Compare binary and hexadecimal number systems.
Binary (Base-2): Uses 0 and 1, longer representation | Hexadecimal (Base-16): Uses 0-9 and A-F, shorter representation.
What are the differences between overflow and rounding errors?
Overflow: Exceeding maximum storage capacity | Rounding: Approximation due to limited precision.
Compare the number of values representable by 4 bits and 8 bits.
4 bits: 2^4 = 16 values | 8 bits: 2^8 = 256 values
Compare abstraction in everyday life and in computing.
Everyday: Using appliances without knowing internal workings | Computing: Using variables without knowing binary representation.
Compare the use of binary vs hexadecimal for representing memory addresses.
Binary: Directly represents bits, verbose | Hexadecimal: Compact representation of binary, easier to read.
Compare the storage requirements of ASCII and Unicode for English text.
ASCII: 1 byte per character | Unicode: Typically 1-4 bytes per character, often 2 for English.
Compare the representation of numbers in low-level and high-level languages.
Low-level: Fixed number of bytes, prone to overflow | High-level: Dynamic, handles overflow automatically (usually).
What is data?
A collection of facts.
Why do computers use binary?
Binary is easily represented by electrical signals (on/off, high/low voltage).
Explain the concept of abstraction.
Simplifying complex systems by hiding unnecessary details, allowing focus on the main idea.
Why is abstraction important in computer science?
It allows us to use complex systems without needing to understand all the underlying details.
How is analog data converted to digital data?
Through sampling, where values of the analog signal are measured and recorded at regular intervals.
What is an overflow error?
An error that occurs when trying to store a number larger than the allocated memory space.
What is a rounding error?
An error that occurs when a number is approximated due to limited storage space, especially with repeating decimals.
How does context affect bit representation?
The same bit sequence can represent different types of data based on context (e.g., a letter or a number).
Explain sampling in the context of analog to digital conversion.
Measuring and recording the values of an analog signal at regular intervals to create a digital representation.
Why is digital data considered an abstraction?
It simplifies real-world information by providing a finite representation of something continuous.
What is a bit?
A single binary digit (0 or 1).
What is a byte?
8 bits.
What is a number base?
The number of digits or digit combinations a system uses to represent values.
What is the binary number system?
A base-2 number system using only 0 and 1.
What is the decimal number system?
A base-10 number system using digits 0-9.
What is the hexadecimal number system?
A base-16 number system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F.
What is ASCII?
A standard for converting text to binary.
What is Unicode?
A modern and comprehensive system for converting text to binary, supporting a wider range of characters than ASCII.
What is analog data?
Continuous data that changes smoothly.
What is digital data?
Discrete data with a finite set of possible values.