Data in AP Computer Science Principles
Which innovative application could smart grids utilize to integrate renewable energy sources into national power infrastructures more effectively?
Storing surplus renewable energy in high-capacity batteries for later use during peak consumption periods.
Allowing consumers to sell back unused electricity from their homes directly to neighbors, creating peer-to-peer networks.
Installing automatic shutoff mechanisms on appliances within consumer households during times of low production.
Using predictive analytics to balance supply and demand, optimizing distribution of excess generated energies.
What societal impact has been most strongly associated with mobile computing technologies such as smartphones and tablets?
Diminished face-to-face social interactions due to the convenience of virtual communication.
Heightened security risks stemming from widespread distribution of personal devices as easy targets.
Reduced literacy rates owing to dependency on audio-visual media and digital platforms instead of reading material.
Increased connectivity and accessibility of information anytime, anywhere.
What aspect of abstraction is particularly useful when organizing data structures like arrays or lists?
Sorting every element in order to achieve faster search times.
Making modifications to the original structure mandatory to view changes in real-time.
Requiring explicit memory management at the user level to maintain the integrity of the structures.
Facilitating access and modification of elements based on position rather than requiring manipulation of individual entries.
In what way do 'freemium' models for mobile applications raise economic considerations?
They may create barriers for low-income individuals who cannot afford premium features.
They often lead to decreased app download rates due to perceived lower quality.
They greatly reduce device battery life due to increased app usage.
They encourage excessive spending on unnecessary app upgrades.
In order to keep track of the order in which patients visit a clinic, which data structure should the receptionist's system use?
Set
Stack
Queue
List
Which data representation choice could potentially increase the risk of unauthorized access to sensitive information if not properly encrypted?
Two-factor authentication tokens exchanged during logins.
Hashed and salted passwords stored in a database.
Plain text passwords stored in a database.
User data anonymized through tokenization before storage.
In a client-server model, what role does DHCP play when a client device connects to a network?
Domain Name System resolves hostnames into IP addresses for the client device.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol assigns an IP address to the client device.
Simple Network Management monitors and manages network devices but does not assign IPs directly.
Network Time Protocol synchronizes clocks of networked devices for the client device.

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Which of the following best describes the role of an algorithm in solving computational problems?
A step-by-step set of instructions to accomplish a task.
A data structure that organizes and stores data efficiently.
A high-level programming language used for creating software applications.
A tool for measuring the efficiency of program execution time and space.
Which computing innovation aids in personal budgeting and financial management?
Paper calculators
Carbon paper
Personal finance software
Typewriter ribbons
Which algorithmic approach would most efficiently sort a large, nearly sorted list of data where only a few elements are out of place?
Insertion sort
Quick sort
Merge sort
Bubble sort