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How does a larger sample size impact the reliability of a study?
Larger samples generally lead to more reliable and precise results, reducing the likelihood of error.
Why is randomization important in experimental design?
Randomization helps to distribute confounding variables evenly across groups, reducing bias and strengthening internal validity.
How do control groups strengthen the validity of a study?
Control groups provide a baseline for comparison, allowing researchers to determine the true effect of the treatment by ruling out alternative explanations.
What does a small p-value indicate about the results of a study?
A small p-value suggests that the results are unlikely to be due to chance, indicating statistical significance.
How can researchers minimize measurement errors in data collection?
Standardize data collection procedures, use validated instruments, and control external factors.
Explain how to identify potential biases in a research study.
Examine the sampling method, data collection process, and potential influence of the researcher's expectations.
How do you evaluate the validity of statistical claims?
Assess the strength of the evidence, consider alternative explanations, and acknowledge the study's limitations.
Describe the effect of sample size on Type II error.
Small sample sizes increase the risk of Type II errors, where a real effect is missed.
How can you improve the internal validity of an experiment?
Use randomization, control groups, and minimize confounding variables.
What steps can be taken to ensure representation in sampling?
Use stratified sampling to divide the population into groups, then sample randomly from each.
Define selection bias.
Selection bias occurs when the sample doesn't accurately represent the population.
What is response bias?
Response bias occurs when participants provide inaccurate or untruthful answers in a study.
Define researcher bias.
Researcher bias occurs when the researcher's expectations or beliefs influence the outcome of the study.
What are confounding variables?
Confounding variables are hidden factors that affect both the independent and dependent variables, potentially distorting the results.
Define random sampling.
Random sampling is a method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
What is stratified sampling?
Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly sampling from each subgroup.
Define convenience sampling.
Convenience sampling involves selecting participants who are easily accessible, which may introduce bias.
What is an independent variable?
The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
What is a dependent variable?
The dependent variable is the factor that is measured in an experiment to see if it is affected by the independent variable.
What is a control group?
A control group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a baseline for comparison.