All Flashcards
Define 'claim'.
The main point you're arguing for; what you want your audience to believe.
Define 'evidence'.
Facts, data, and examples that support your claim.
Define 'reasoning'.
The explanation of how your evidence supports your claim; the logic that connects the dots.
Define 'counterargument'.
Acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints.
Define 'ethos'.
Appeals to credibility and authority. Asks: Why should I trust you?
Define 'logos'.
Appeals to logic and reason. Asks: Does this make sense?
Define 'pathos'.
Appeals to emotions. Asks: How does this make me feel?
What is a deductive argument?
Starts with general principles and applies them to specific cases.
What is an inductive argument?
Starts with specific observations and draws a general conclusion.
What is a causal argument?
Argues that one thing causes another.
Describe the structure of a deductive argument.
General principle -> specific case -> conclusion.
Describe the structure of an inductive argument.
Specific observations -> general conclusion.
Describe the structure of a causal argument.
Identifying a cause and its effect.
What is the role of a claim in an argument?
The central point the author is trying to persuade the audience to accept.
What is the role of evidence in an argument?
To provide support and justification for the claim, making it more convincing.
What is the role of reasoning in an argument?
To explain how the evidence connects to and supports the claim.
Why is it important to address counterarguments?
It demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the issue and strengthens your own argument.
What makes an argument successful?
A clear claim, strong evidence, logical reasoning, effective rhetorical appeals, and addressed counterarguments.
What makes an argument unsuccessful?
An unclear claim, weak evidence, faulty reasoning, ineffective rhetorical appeals, and ignored counterarguments.
How can bias weaken an argument?
By presenting information unfairly and undermining credibility.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of using ethos.
Establishing credibility by showing expertise or using credible sources.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of using logos.
Using facts, statistics, logical reasoning, and examples to support your claim.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of using pathos.
Using language and examples that evoke emotion, but not overdoing it.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of acknowledging counterarguments.
Showing that you understand opposing viewpoints.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of refuting counterarguments.
Explaining why opposing viewpoints are not as strong as yours.
What is the effect of using strong evidence in an argument?
Increases the believability and persuasiveness of the argument.
What is the effect of using logical reasoning in an argument?
Creates a clear connection between evidence and claim, strengthening the argument.
How does effective use of rhetorical appeals strengthen an argument?
By engaging the audience's credibility assessment, logical understanding, and emotional response.
What is the importance of adapting an oral argument?
It allows you to respond effectively to questions and counterarguments, strengthening your position.
How does planning strengthen an oral argument?
Careful planning ensures a coherent structure and well-supported claims, enhancing persuasiveness.