All Flashcards
Describe the structure of a deductive argument.
General principle -> specific case -> conclusion.
Describe the structure of an inductive argument.
Specific observations -> general conclusion.
Describe the structure of a causal argument.
Identifying a cause and its effect.
What is the role of a claim in an argument?
The central point the author is trying to persuade the audience to accept.
What is the role of evidence in an argument?
To provide support and justification for the claim, making it more convincing.
What is the role of reasoning in an argument?
To explain how the evidence connects to and supports the claim.
Why is it important to address counterarguments?
It demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the issue and strengthens your own argument.
What makes an argument successful?
A clear claim, strong evidence, logical reasoning, effective rhetorical appeals, and addressed counterarguments.
What makes an argument unsuccessful?
An unclear claim, weak evidence, faulty reasoning, ineffective rhetorical appeals, and ignored counterarguments.
How can bias weaken an argument?
By presenting information unfairly and undermining credibility.
What is the effect of using an objective tone?
Conveys neutrality and impartiality, enhancing credibility.
What is the effect of using a passionate tone?
Evokes strong emotions and engages the audience, but can risk appearing biased.
What is the effect of using a formal style?
Creates a sense of authority and respect, suitable for serious topics.
What is the effect of using an informal style?
Establishes a friendly and relatable connection with the audience.
What is the effect of using sarcasm?
Can create humor or criticism, but risks alienating some audience members.
What is the effect of using irony?
Subtly conveys a meaning opposite to the literal words, adding depth.
What is the effect of using humor?
Engages the audience and makes the argument more relatable, but must be used appropriately.
What is the effect of using vivid imagery?
Creates a strong mental picture, making the argument more memorable and impactful.
What is the effect of using rhetorical questions?
Engages the audience's thought process and emphasizes a point without requiring an answer.
What is the effect of using repetition?
Emphasizes key points and makes the argument more memorable.
What is a hasty generalization?
Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
What is ad hominem?
Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.
What is a straw man fallacy?
Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
What is an appeal to authority fallacy?
Claiming something is true simply because an authority figure said it.
What is a false dilemma (either/or) fallacy?
Presenting only two options when more exist.
What is a bandwagon fallacy?
Arguing that something is true because it is popular.
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
Arguing that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.
What is a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy?
Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.
What is a red herring fallacy?
Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the main issue.
What is begging the question (circular reasoning)?
Assuming the conclusion in the premise.