All Flashcards
What is a hasty generalization?
Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
What is ad hominem?
Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.
What is a straw man fallacy?
Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
What is an appeal to authority fallacy?
Claiming something is true simply because an authority figure said it.
What is a false dilemma (either/or) fallacy?
Presenting only two options when more exist.
What is a bandwagon fallacy?
Arguing that something is true because it is popular.
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
Arguing that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.
What is a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy?
Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.
What is a red herring fallacy?
Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the main issue.
What is begging the question (circular reasoning)?
Assuming the conclusion in the premise.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of using ethos.
Establishing credibility by showing expertise or using credible sources.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of using logos.
Using facts, statistics, logical reasoning, and examples to support your claim.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of using pathos.
Using language and examples that evoke emotion, but not overdoing it.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of acknowledging counterarguments.
Showing that you understand opposing viewpoints.
Explain the rhetorical strategy of refuting counterarguments.
Explaining why opposing viewpoints are not as strong as yours.
What is the effect of using strong evidence in an argument?
Increases the believability and persuasiveness of the argument.
What is the effect of using logical reasoning in an argument?
Creates a clear connection between evidence and claim, strengthening the argument.
How does effective use of rhetorical appeals strengthen an argument?
By engaging the audience's credibility assessment, logical understanding, and emotional response.
What is the importance of adapting an oral argument?
It allows you to respond effectively to questions and counterarguments, strengthening your position.
How does planning strengthen an oral argument?
Careful planning ensures a coherent structure and well-supported claims, enhancing persuasiveness.
Describe the structure of a deductive argument.
General principle -> specific case -> conclusion.
Describe the structure of an inductive argument.
Specific observations -> general conclusion.
Describe the structure of a causal argument.
Identifying a cause and its effect.
What is the role of a claim in an argument?
The central point the author is trying to persuade the audience to accept.
What is the role of evidence in an argument?
To provide support and justification for the claim, making it more convincing.
What is the role of reasoning in an argument?
To explain how the evidence connects to and supports the claim.
Why is it important to address counterarguments?
It demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the issue and strengthens your own argument.
What makes an argument successful?
A clear claim, strong evidence, logical reasoning, effective rhetorical appeals, and addressed counterarguments.
What makes an argument unsuccessful?
An unclear claim, weak evidence, faulty reasoning, ineffective rhetorical appeals, and ignored counterarguments.
How can bias weaken an argument?
By presenting information unfairly and undermining credibility.