All Flashcards
Describe the structure of a deductive argument.
General principle -> specific case -> conclusion.
Describe the structure of an inductive argument.
Specific observations -> general conclusion.
Describe the structure of a causal argument.
Identifying a cause and its effect.
What is the role of a claim in an argument?
The central point the author is trying to persuade the audience to accept.
What is the role of evidence in an argument?
To provide support and justification for the claim, making it more convincing.
What is the role of reasoning in an argument?
To explain how the evidence connects to and supports the claim.
Why is it important to address counterarguments?
It demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the issue and strengthens your own argument.
What makes an argument successful?
A clear claim, strong evidence, logical reasoning, effective rhetorical appeals, and addressed counterarguments.
What makes an argument unsuccessful?
An unclear claim, weak evidence, faulty reasoning, ineffective rhetorical appeals, and ignored counterarguments.
How can bias weaken an argument?
By presenting information unfairly and undermining credibility.
What is a hasty generalization?
Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
What is ad hominem?
Attacking the person making the argument instead of the argument itself.
What is a straw man fallacy?
Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
What is an appeal to authority fallacy?
Claiming something is true simply because an authority figure said it.
What is a false dilemma (either/or) fallacy?
Presenting only two options when more exist.
What is a bandwagon fallacy?
Arguing that something is true because it is popular.
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
Arguing that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.
What is a post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy?
Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.
What is a red herring fallacy?
Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the main issue.
What is begging the question (circular reasoning)?
Assuming the conclusion in the premise.
Define 'claim'.
The main point you're arguing for; what you want your audience to believe.
Define 'evidence'.
Facts, data, and examples that support your claim.
Define 'reasoning'.
The explanation of how your evidence supports your claim; the logic that connects the dots.
Define 'counterargument'.
Acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints.
Define 'ethos'.
Appeals to credibility and authority. Asks: Why should I trust you?
Define 'logos'.
Appeals to logic and reason. Asks: Does this make sense?
Define 'pathos'.
Appeals to emotions. Asks: How does this make me feel?
What is a deductive argument?
Starts with general principles and applies them to specific cases.
What is an inductive argument?
Starts with specific observations and draws a general conclusion.
What is a causal argument?
Argues that one thing causes another.