All Flashcards
Describe the structure of a deductive argument.
General principle -> specific case -> conclusion.
Describe the structure of an inductive argument.
Specific observations -> general conclusion.
Describe the structure of a causal argument.
Identifying a cause and its effect.
What is the role of a claim in an argument?
The central point the author is trying to persuade the audience to accept.
What is the role of evidence in an argument?
To provide support and justification for the claim, making it more convincing.
What is the role of reasoning in an argument?
To explain how the evidence connects to and supports the claim.
Why is it important to address counterarguments?
It demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of the issue and strengthens your own argument.
What makes an argument successful?
A clear claim, strong evidence, logical reasoning, effective rhetorical appeals, and addressed counterarguments.
What makes an argument unsuccessful?
An unclear claim, weak evidence, faulty reasoning, ineffective rhetorical appeals, and ignored counterarguments.
How can bias weaken an argument?
By presenting information unfairly and undermining credibility.
Define 'claim'.
The main point you're arguing for; what you want your audience to believe.
Define 'evidence'.
Facts, data, and examples that support your claim.
Define 'reasoning'.
The explanation of how your evidence supports your claim; the logic that connects the dots.
Define 'counterargument'.
Acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints.
Define 'ethos'.
Appeals to credibility and authority. Asks: Why should I trust you?
Define 'logos'.
Appeals to logic and reason. Asks: Does this make sense?
Define 'pathos'.
Appeals to emotions. Asks: How does this make me feel?
What is a deductive argument?
Starts with general principles and applies them to specific cases.
What is an inductive argument?
Starts with specific observations and draws a general conclusion.
What is a causal argument?
Argues that one thing causes another.
What is the effect of using an objective tone?
Conveys neutrality and impartiality, enhancing credibility.
What is the effect of using a passionate tone?
Evokes strong emotions and engages the audience, but can risk appearing biased.
What is the effect of using a formal style?
Creates a sense of authority and respect, suitable for serious topics.
What is the effect of using an informal style?
Establishes a friendly and relatable connection with the audience.
What is the effect of using sarcasm?
Can create humor or criticism, but risks alienating some audience members.
What is the effect of using irony?
Subtly conveys a meaning opposite to the literal words, adding depth.
What is the effect of using humor?
Engages the audience and makes the argument more relatable, but must be used appropriately.
What is the effect of using vivid imagery?
Creates a strong mental picture, making the argument more memorable and impactful.
What is the effect of using rhetorical questions?
Engages the audience's thought process and emphasizes a point without requiring an answer.
What is the effect of using repetition?
Emphasizes key points and makes the argument more memorable.