Comparison between two things, typically for explanation or clarification. Used to make complex ideas easier to understand.

A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. Used to engage the audience and illustrate a point.

A question asked for effect rather than requiring an answer. Used to provoke thought and engage the audience.

Repeating words or phrases for emphasis. Used to reinforce key ideas and create a memorable effect.

Using similar grammatical structures to create rhythm and balance. Used to emphasize related ideas and create a sense of unity.

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses. Used to create vivid images and evoke emotions.

The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. Used to create tone and convey meaning.

An indirect or passing reference to a historical or literary figure or event. Used to enrich meaning and create connections.

Presenting something as less significant than it is. Used for ironic or humorous effect.

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. Used for emphasis or humorous effect.

Starts with a general premise and moves to a specific conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

Starts with specific observations and moves to a general conclusion. The conclusion is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.

Includes claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. It acknowledges the complexities of arguments.

Focuses on finding common ground and building consensus. Aims to persuade by understanding the opposing viewpoint.

Citing an expert or authority figure to support a claim. Effective if the authority is credible and relevant.

Using emotional language or anecdotes to persuade the audience. Can be powerful but also manipulative.

Using facts, statistics, and logical reasoning to support a claim. Considered the most reliable form of persuasion.

The assumption that connects the data to the claim. It explains why the data supports the claim.

Additional support for the warrant. It provides further evidence to justify the warrant's validity.

A statement that limits the scope of the claim. It acknowledges that the claim may not be true in all cases.

Creates a sense of authority, professionalism, and objectivity.

Creates a sense of familiarity, approachability, and connection with the audience.

Uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to criticize or mock individuals or institutions.

Presents information in a neutral and unbiased manner, focusing on facts and evidence.

Expresses personal opinions, feelings, and beliefs, often using emotional language.

Intended to teach or instruct, often conveying moral or ethical lessons.

Aims to convince the audience to accept a particular viewpoint or take a specific action.

Examines and evaluates different aspects of a topic, often breaking it down into smaller parts.

Uses vivid language and imagery to create a detailed picture of a person, place, or thing.

Expresses disapproval or disagreement, often pointing out flaws or weaknesses.