How does Breyer's rhetorical style compare to Coates'?
Breyer: Logical, legalistic, evidence-based. Coates: Personal, historical, emotionally resonant.
How does Singer's rhetorical style compare to Breyer's?
Singer: Ethical, philosophical, argumentative. Breyer: Legal, logical, evidence-based.
How does Coates' use of evidence compare to Singer's?
Coates: Historical events, personal stories, data on economic disparities. Singer: Research on factory farming, animal suffering, environmental impact.
Compare the tone of Breyer and Singer.
Breyer: Measured, judicious, analytical. Singer: Assertive, challenging, ethically driven.
How do Coates and Singer address their audiences differently?
Coates: Appeals to a sense of justice and historical awareness. Singer: Challenges deeply held beliefs about ethics and tradition.
Compare the complexity of arguments in Breyer and Coates.
Breyer: Focuses on legal and constitutional aspects. Coates: Focuses on historical and socioeconomic aspects.
How does Breyer use logos compared to Coates' use of pathos?
Breyer: Relies heavily on legal precedent and statistical data. Coates: Uses personal narratives and emotional appeals to highlight injustice.
Compare Singer's use of ethos to Coates' use of ethos.
Singer: Establishes authority through philosophical expertise. Coates: Establishes authority through lived experience and historical knowledge.
How do Breyer and Singer acknowledge counterarguments?
Breyer: Addresses legal and practical challenges to his position. Singer: Considers common justifications for eating meat.
Compare the overall purpose of Breyer's and Coates' articles.
Breyer: To prompt re-examination of the death penalty. Coates: To advocate for reparations for African Americans.
What is ad hominem?
Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.
What is straw man?
Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
What is false dilemma?
Presenting only two options when more exist.
What is bandwagon fallacy?
Arguing that something is true because it is popular.
What is hasty generalization?
Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
What is post hoc ergo propter hoc?
Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.
What is appeal to ignorance?
Arguing that something is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa.
What is slippery slope?
Arguing that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences.
What is red herring?
Introducing an irrelevant topic to distract from the main argument.
What is begging the question?
Assuming the conclusion in the premise.
What is the structure of a deductive argument?
Starts with a general premise and moves to a specific conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
What is the structure of an inductive argument?
Starts with specific observations and moves to a general conclusion. The conclusion is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.
What is a Toulmin argument?
Includes claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. It acknowledges the complexities of arguments.
What is a Rogerian argument?
Focuses on finding common ground and building consensus. Aims to persuade by understanding the opposing viewpoint.
What is appeal to authority?
Citing an expert or authority figure to support a claim. Effective if the authority is credible and relevant.
What is appeal to emotion?
Using emotional language or anecdotes to persuade the audience. Can be powerful but also manipulative.
What is appeal to logic?
Using facts, statistics, and logical reasoning to support a claim. Considered the most reliable form of persuasion.
What is a warrant in argumentation?
The assumption that connects the data to the claim. It explains why the data supports the claim.
What is backing in argumentation?
Additional support for the warrant. It provides further evidence to justify the warrant's validity.
What is a qualifier in argumentation?
A statement that limits the scope of the claim. It acknowledges that the claim may not be true in all cases.
