All Flashcards
What is analogy and how is it used?
Comparison between two things, typically for explanation or clarification. Used to make complex ideas easier to understand.
What is anecdote and how is it used?
A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. Used to engage the audience and illustrate a point.
What is rhetorical question and how is it used?
A question asked for effect rather than requiring an answer. Used to provoke thought and engage the audience.
What is repetition and how is it used?
Repeating words or phrases for emphasis. Used to reinforce key ideas and create a memorable effect.
What is parallelism and how is it used?
Using similar grammatical structures to create rhythm and balance. Used to emphasize related ideas and create a sense of unity.
What is imagery and how is it used?
Descriptive language that appeals to the senses. Used to create vivid images and evoke emotions.
What is diction and how is it used?
The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. Used to create tone and convey meaning.
What is allusion and how is it used?
An indirect or passing reference to a historical or literary figure or event. Used to enrich meaning and create connections.
What is understatement and how is it used?
Presenting something as less significant than it is. Used for ironic or humorous effect.
What is hyperbole and how is it used?
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. Used for emphasis or humorous effect.
How does Breyer's rhetorical style compare to Coates'?
Breyer: Logical, legalistic, evidence-based. Coates: Personal, historical, emotionally resonant.
How does Singer's rhetorical style compare to Breyer's?
Singer: Ethical, philosophical, argumentative. Breyer: Legal, logical, evidence-based.
How does Coates' use of evidence compare to Singer's?
Coates: Historical events, personal stories, data on economic disparities. Singer: Research on factory farming, animal suffering, environmental impact.
Compare the tone of Breyer and Singer.
Breyer: Measured, judicious, analytical. Singer: Assertive, challenging, ethically driven.
How do Coates and Singer address their audiences differently?
Coates: Appeals to a sense of justice and historical awareness. Singer: Challenges deeply held beliefs about ethics and tradition.
Compare the complexity of arguments in Breyer and Coates.
Breyer: Focuses on legal and constitutional aspects. Coates: Focuses on historical and socioeconomic aspects.
How does Breyer use logos compared to Coates' use of pathos?
Breyer: Relies heavily on legal precedent and statistical data. Coates: Uses personal narratives and emotional appeals to highlight injustice.
Compare Singer's use of ethos to Coates' use of ethos.
Singer: Establishes authority through philosophical expertise. Coates: Establishes authority through lived experience and historical knowledge.
How do Breyer and Singer acknowledge counterarguments?
Breyer: Addresses legal and practical challenges to his position. Singer: Considers common justifications for eating meat.
Compare the overall purpose of Breyer's and Coates' articles.
Breyer: To prompt re-examination of the death penalty. Coates: To advocate for reparations for African Americans.
What is the structure of a deductive argument?
Starts with a general premise and moves to a specific conclusion. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.
What is the structure of an inductive argument?
Starts with specific observations and moves to a general conclusion. The conclusion is likely, but not guaranteed, to be true.
What is a Toulmin argument?
Includes claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. It acknowledges the complexities of arguments.
What is a Rogerian argument?
Focuses on finding common ground and building consensus. Aims to persuade by understanding the opposing viewpoint.
What is appeal to authority?
Citing an expert or authority figure to support a claim. Effective if the authority is credible and relevant.
What is appeal to emotion?
Using emotional language or anecdotes to persuade the audience. Can be powerful but also manipulative.
What is appeal to logic?
Using facts, statistics, and logical reasoning to support a claim. Considered the most reliable form of persuasion.
What is a warrant in argumentation?
The assumption that connects the data to the claim. It explains why the data supports the claim.
What is backing in argumentation?
Additional support for the warrant. It provides further evidence to justify the warrant's validity.
What is a qualifier in argumentation?
A statement that limits the scope of the claim. It acknowledges that the claim may not be true in all cases.