Acknowledging the validity of an opposing point to build credibility and show open-mindedness. Used to weaken the opposition's argument.

Offering a different interpretation of evidence or presenting a new perspective to challenge the opposing argument. Used to weaken the opponent's claim.

Providing evidence to directly disprove the opposing argument. Used to invalidate the opponent's claim.

Used to establish the speaker's credibility and trustworthiness, making the audience more receptive to their argument.

Used to appeal to the audience's reason and logic, often through the use of facts, statistics, and logical reasoning.

Used to evoke emotions in the audience, such as empathy, anger, or fear, to make the argument more persuasive.

Engages the audience and prompts them to think critically about the topic, often leading them to agree with the speaker's perspective.

Emphasizes key points and reinforces the speaker's message, making it more memorable and persuasive.

Explains complex ideas by comparing them to simpler, more familiar concepts, making the argument easier to understand and accept.

Adds a personal or relatable element to the argument, making it more engaging and emotionally resonant for the audience.

Accepting all or part of a competing claim as valid.

Offering a contrasting perspective on an argument or its evidence.

Demonstrating, with evidence, that a competing claim is factually incorrect.

A genre of writing that presents arguments about a topic based on evidence.

An argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

An appeal to ethics, convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.

An appeal to logic, persuading an audience by reason.

An appeal to emotion, convincing an audience by creating an emotional response.

The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

The strategic decisions a writer or speaker makes to achieve a particular effect or purpose in their communication.

A structure of argumentation including claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal.

Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.

Reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

The primary argument or assertion the writer is trying to prove.

Supports the claim and provides reasons for the audience to accept the argument.

The underlying assumption or reasoning that connects the evidence to the claim.

Provides additional support for the warrant, especially when the warrant is not readily accepted by the audience.

Indicates the degree of certainty or probability of the claim, such as 'likely,' 'possibly,' or 'certainly.'

To persuade an audience to accept a particular viewpoint or take a specific action.

Helps the writer tailor their argument to be more persuasive and effective for that specific audience.