Creates a sense of authority, objectivity, and professionalism.

Establishes a more personal and relatable connection with the audience.

Can create humor or express contempt, but may alienate some readers.

Presents information in a neutral and unbiased manner, focusing on facts and evidence.

Reflects the writer's personal opinions, feelings, and experiences.

Word choice significantly influences the tone of a piece, conveying specific emotions or attitudes.

Engages the reader's senses and creates a more memorable and impactful experience.

Sentence structure and arrangement affect the rhythm and flow of the writing, contributing to its overall style.

Adds depth and complexity to the writing, making it more engaging and thought-provoking.

By using a combination of logical reasoning, emotional appeals, and credible evidence.

Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.

Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.

Presenting only two options as the only possibilities when more exist.

Arguing that something is true because it is popular.

Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.

Claiming something is true simply because an authority figure said it, without providing further evidence.

Asserting that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences without sufficient evidence.

Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.

Assuming the conclusion in the premise of the argument.

Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the main issue.

A structure of argumentation including claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal.

Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.

Reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

The primary argument or assertion the writer is trying to prove.

Supports the claim and provides reasons for the audience to accept the argument.

The underlying assumption or reasoning that connects the evidence to the claim.

Provides additional support for the warrant, especially when the warrant is not readily accepted by the audience.

Indicates the degree of certainty or probability of the claim, such as 'likely,' 'possibly,' or 'certainly.'

To persuade an audience to accept a particular viewpoint or take a specific action.

Helps the writer tailor their argument to be more persuasive and effective for that specific audience.