What is the Toulmin Model?
A structure of argumentation including claim, data, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal.
What is inductive reasoning?
Reasoning from specific observations to a general conclusion.
What is deductive reasoning?
Reasoning from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
Explain the purpose of a claim.
The primary argument or assertion the writer is trying to prove.
What is the role of evidence in argumentation?
Supports the claim and provides reasons for the audience to accept the argument.
What is a warrant in argumentation?
The underlying assumption or reasoning that connects the evidence to the claim.
How does backing support an argument?
Provides additional support for the warrant, especially when the warrant is not readily accepted by the audience.
What is the purpose of a qualifier in an argument?
Indicates the degree of certainty or probability of the claim, such as 'likely,' 'possibly,' or 'certainly.'
Explain the purpose of argumentation.
To persuade an audience to accept a particular viewpoint or take a specific action.
How does considering the audience affect argumentation?
Helps the writer tailor their argument to be more persuasive and effective for that specific audience.
What is concession and how is it used?
Acknowledging the validity of an opposing point to build credibility and show open-mindedness. Used to weaken the opposition's argument.
What is rebuttal and how is it used?
Offering a different interpretation of evidence or presenting a new perspective to challenge the opposing argument. Used to weaken the opponent's claim.
What is refutation and how is it used?
Providing evidence to directly disprove the opposing argument. Used to invalidate the opponent's claim.
Explain the strategic use of ethos.
Used to establish the speaker's credibility and trustworthiness, making the audience more receptive to their argument.
Explain the strategic use of logos.
Used to appeal to the audience's reason and logic, often through the use of facts, statistics, and logical reasoning.
Explain the strategic use of pathos.
Used to evoke emotions in the audience, such as empathy, anger, or fear, to make the argument more persuasive.
What is the effect of using rhetorical questions?
Engages the audience and prompts them to think critically about the topic, often leading them to agree with the speaker's perspective.
How does repetition function as a rhetorical strategy?
Emphasizes key points and reinforces the speaker's message, making it more memorable and persuasive.
What is the function of an analogy in argumentation?
Explains complex ideas by comparing them to simpler, more familiar concepts, making the argument easier to understand and accept.
Explain the use of anecdotes in persuasive writing.
Adds a personal or relatable element to the argument, making it more engaging and emotionally resonant for the audience.
What is ad hominem?
Attacking the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself.
What is a straw man fallacy?
Misrepresenting an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.
What is a false dilemma?
Presenting only two options as the only possibilities when more exist.
What is a bandwagon fallacy?
Arguing that something is true because it is popular.
What is a hasty generalization?
Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
What is appeal to authority?
Claiming something is true simply because an authority figure said it, without providing further evidence.
What is a slippery slope fallacy?
Asserting that one event will inevitably lead to a series of negative consequences without sufficient evidence.
What is post hoc ergo propter hoc?
Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.
What is begging the question?
Assuming the conclusion in the premise of the argument.
What is a red herring?
Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the main issue.
