Glossary
Active Voice
A grammatical construction where the subject of the sentence performs the action of the verb.
Example:
The student analyzed the rhetorical strategies effectively.
Anaphora
A specific type of parallelism involving the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis.
Example:
We will not give up. We will not surrender. We will achieve our goals.
Complex Sentence
A sentence containing one independent clause and at least one dependent clause, which adds detail or context to the main idea.
Example:
Although the evidence was compelling, because the student failed to analyze it deeply, the argument remained underdeveloped.
Compound Sentence
A sentence composed of two or more independent clauses, typically joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
Example:
The essay presented a strong argument, yet it lacked sufficient textual evidence.
Compound-Complex Sentence
A sentence that combines elements of both compound and complex sentences, featuring two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Example:
While the speaker delivered a powerful message, and the audience was deeply moved, many still questioned the practical implications of his proposals.
Parallel Structures
The repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence or across sentences to express similar ideas, creating balance and rhythm.
Example:
To excel in AP Lang, students must practice reading critically, writing persuasively, and thinking analytically.
Passive Voice
A grammatical construction where the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
Example:
The rhetorical strategies were analyzed effectively by the student.
Precise Language
The use of specific, accurate, and vivid vocabulary to convey meaning clearly and avoid ambiguity.
Example:
Instead of saying 'the character felt bad,' using precise language would be 'the character experienced profound despair.'
Rhetorical Questions
Questions posed not to elicit an answer, but to make a point, provoke thought, or create a dramatic effect.
Example:
After presenting all the evidence, the lawyer asked, 'Can we truly ignore such blatant injustice?'
Sentence Development
The intentional crafting of sentences to enhance clarity, engagement, and persuasiveness in writing.
Example:
Effective sentence development allows a writer to move beyond basic grammar to create sophisticated and impactful arguments.
Simple Sentence
A sentence consisting of one independent clause, expressing a single complete thought.
Example:
The author's thesis was clear and concise.
Transitions
Words, phrases, or clauses that connect ideas, sentences, and paragraphs, ensuring smooth flow and logical coherence in writing.
Example:
The author first introduces the problem; subsequently, they propose a solution.
Varying Sentence Lengths and Structures
The practice of using a mix of simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, along with different sentence beginnings, to enhance readability and rhetorical effect.
Example:
A writer might use a short, impactful sentence to state a claim, then follow it with a longer, more complex sentence to elaborate on the nuances of that claim.