All Flashcards
Define generalist species.
Species with a broad ecological niche, able to survive in diverse conditions.
Define specialist species.
Species with a narrow ecological niche, requiring specific, stable environmental conditions.
Define K-selected species.
Species with low reproductive rate and high investment in offspring.
Define r-selected species.
Species with high reproductive rate and low investment in offspring.
Define carrying capacity.
Maximum population size an environment can support, determined by resource availability.
Define exponential growth.
Population growth at a constant rate, resulting in a J-shaped curve.
Define logistic growth.
Population growth that slows as it approaches carrying capacity, resulting in an S-shaped curve.
Define age structure diagram.
Graphical representation of the distribution of different age groups in a population.
Define total fertility rate.
The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
Define replacement level fertility.
The fertility rate required for a population to replace itself (approximately 2.1 children per woman).
Define population density.
Number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Define density-dependent factors.
Factors that affect population growth based on population density (e.g., disease, competition).
Define density-independent factors.
Factors that affect population growth regardless of population density (e.g., natural disasters).
What is the significance of a broad ecological niche?
Indicates a generalist species, adaptable to diverse conditions.
What is the significance of a narrow ecological niche?
Indicates a specialist species, requiring specific conditions.
What does a Type I survivorship curve indicate?
High survival early in life, most deaths late in life.
What does a Type II survivorship curve indicate?
Constant mortality rate throughout life.
What does a Type III survivorship curve indicate?
High mortality early in life, few survive to old age.
What does exceeding carrying capacity lead to?
Increased mortality and resource depletion.
What does a wide base in an age structure diagram indicate?
Rapid population growth.
What does a narrow base in an age structure diagram indicate?
Slow or negative population growth.
What does an even distribution in an age structure diagram indicate?
A stable population.
What does the Rule of 70 estimate?
Population doubling time.
What characterizes the pre-industrial stage?
High birth and death rates.
What characterizes the transitional stage?
High birth rates and declining death rates.
What characterizes the industrial stage?
Declining birth rates and low death rates.
What characterizes the post-industrial stage?
Low birth and death rates.
Define generalist species.
Species with a broad ecological niche; can survive in diverse conditions.
Define specialist species.
Species with a narrow ecological niche; require specific, stable environmental conditions.
Define K-selected species.
Species with low reproductive rate and high investment in offspring.
Define r-selected species.
Species with high reproductive rate and low investment in offspring.
Define carrying capacity.
Maximum population size an environment can support.
Define exponential growth.
Population growth at a constant rate; J-shaped curve.
Define logistic growth.
Population growth that slows as it approaches carrying capacity; S-shaped curve.
Define age structure diagram.
Graphical representation of age distribution in a population.
Define total fertility rate.
The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.
Define replacement level fertility.
The fertility rate needed to replace a population; typically around 2.1 children per woman.
Define population density.
Number of individuals per unit area.
Define density-dependent factors.
Factors affecting population growth differently based on population density.
Define density-independent factors.
Factors affecting population growth regardless of population density.
Define demographic transition.
Process of population change from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.