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What are the health effects of photochemical smog?
Respiratory issues (coughing, wheezing) and cardiovascular issues (increased risk of heart attacks).
What are the health effects of industrial smog?
Similar respiratory and cardiovascular problems as photochemical smog.
What is the effect of photochemical smog on plants?
Reduces crop yields and quality.
What is the effect of sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial smog?
Can cause acid rain.
What is the impact of VOCs on ozone levels?
VOCs disrupt the breakdown of ozone, leading to higher ozone levels.
What is the effect of increased traffic on smog formation?
Increased traffic leads to higher emissions of nitrogen oxides and VOCs, increasing smog formation.
What is the effect of warm, sunny days on smog formation?
Warm, sunny days provide the energy for photochemical reactions, increasing smog formation.
What is the effect of particulate matter on human health?
Irritates the respiratory system, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
What is the effect of ozone on human health?
Irritates the respiratory system, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Can worsen asthma.
What is the effect of industrial smog on ecosystems?
Similar respiratory and cardiovascular problems as photochemical smog and can cause acid rain due to sulfur dioxide emissions.
What are the steps of photochemical smog formation?
1. $NO_2$ breaks down into NO + O (sunlight). 2. O + $O_2$ → $O_3$ (sunlight). 3. VOCs react with NO, forming photochemical oxidants. 4. $O_3$ + oxidants = smog.
Describe the nighttime reaction in photochemical smog formation.
$O_3$ + NO → $NO_2$ + $O_2$
What are the steps of industrial smog formation?
1. $SO_2$, particulate matter, and $NO_x$ are released. 2. Pollutants react to form sulfuric acid, particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide. 3. This mix creates the thick haze.
Explain how nitrogen dioxide contributes to ozone formation.
Sunlight breaks $NO_2$ into NO and O; the free oxygen (O) combines with atmospheric oxygen ($O_2$) to form ozone ($O_3$).
How do VOCs disrupt the breakdown of ozone?
VOCs react with NO, forming photochemical oxidants that prevent NO from reacting with ozone.
What happens to ozone at night in areas with high NO concentrations?
Ozone reacts with NO to form $NO_2$ and $O_2$, reducing ozone levels.
What is gray smog?
Industrial smog, mainly from sulfur dioxide.
What is sulfurous smog?
Another name for gray smog.
What is brown smog?
Photochemical smog, with nitrogen compounds giving it a brownish color.
What is photochemical smog?
Smog formed by sunlight reacting with pollutants.
What are VOCs?
Volatile Organic Compounds, released from vehicles, industrial processes, and even trees.
What is tropospheric ozone?
Ozone in the lower atmosphere; a key component of photochemical smog.
Define industrial smog.
Smog from industrial emissions, especially from burning coal.
Define photochemical smog.
Smog formed when sunlight reacts with pollutants.
What is $SO_2$?
Sulfur dioxide, the main pollutant in industrial smog.
What are $NO_x$?
Nitrogen oxides, a main pollutant in photochemical smog.