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  1. AP Environmental Science
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Glossary

C

Climate Change

Criticality: 3

A long-term shift in global or regional climate patterns, primarily caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities.

Example:

Rising global temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events are indicators of ongoing climate change.

D

Double-Pane Windows

Criticality: 2

Windows constructed with two panes of glass separated by a sealed air or gas-filled space, which provides an insulating barrier to reduce heat transfer.

Example:

Homes with double-pane windows are often more comfortable and have lower energy bills due to reduced heat loss or gain.

E

Economic Growth

Criticality: 2

An increase in the production of goods and services in an economy, which can be positively influenced by energy efficiency through cost savings and job creation in new sectors.

Example:

Investments in green technologies and energy-efficient infrastructure can stimulate economic growth by creating new industries and employment opportunities.

Energy Audits

Criticality: 2

A systematic inspection and analysis of energy flows in a building or system to identify areas of energy waste and recommend efficiency improvements.

Example:

A home energy audit might reveal that sealing air leaks around windows and doors could significantly reduce heating costs.

Energy Conservation

Criticality: 3

The practice of reducing the quantity of energy used to achieve a particular outcome or service, aiming to decrease overall energy consumption.

Example:

Turning off lights when leaving a room is a simple act of energy conservation that reduces electricity use.

Energy Efficiency

Criticality: 3

Using less energy to perform the same task or provide the same service, often achieved through technological improvements or better design.

Example:

Replacing an old refrigerator with a new model that uses less electricity to keep food cold demonstrates improved energy efficiency.

Energy Star Label

Criticality: 2

A government-backed symbol for energy efficiency, indicating that a product meets strict energy-efficient guidelines set by the EPA and Department of Energy.

Example:

When purchasing a new washing machine, looking for the Energy Star label ensures it will use less water and electricity.

Energy-Efficient Building Codes

Criticality: 2

Regulations that set minimum standards for energy performance in new construction and major renovations, promoting designs and materials that reduce energy consumption.

Example:

A city might update its energy-efficient building codes to require all new commercial buildings to include solar panels or green roofs.

Environmental Damage

Criticality: 3

Harm caused to the natural environment, including pollution, habitat destruction, and resource depletion, often resulting from human activities like energy production.

Example:

Oil spills cause severe environmental damage to marine ecosystems, harming wildlife and contaminating coastlines.

F

Fossil Fuels

Criticality: 3

Non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of ancient organisms, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Their combustion releases energy but also greenhouse gases.

Example:

The burning of fossil fuels like coal in power plants is a major contributor to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

G

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Criticality: 3

Gases released into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels, that trap heat and contribute to global warming.

Example:

Vehicle exhaust is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

I

Insulation

Criticality: 2

Material used to reduce heat transfer between the inside and outside of a building, helping to maintain stable indoor temperatures and reduce heating/cooling energy needs.

Example:

Adding thick fiberglass insulation to an attic helps prevent heat from escaping in winter and entering in summer.

L

LED Light Bulbs

Criticality: 2

Light Emitting Diode bulbs are highly energy-efficient lighting options that use significantly less electricity and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs.

Example:

Switching all the lights in a school to LED light bulbs can drastically cut down on the building's electricity consumption.

N

National Security

Criticality: 2

The protection of a nation's interests from threats, in this context referring to the stability and independence gained by reducing reliance on foreign energy sources.

Example:

Developing domestic renewable energy sources can enhance a nation's national security by reducing its vulnerability to global oil price fluctuations.

P

Public Transportation

Criticality: 2

Shared passenger transport services, such as buses, trains, and subways, that reduce the need for individual vehicles, thereby lowering overall fuel consumption and emissions.

Example:

Encouraging commuters to use public transportation instead of driving alone can significantly decrease urban air pollution.

R

Renewable Energy

Criticality: 3

Energy derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly, such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power.

Example:

Investing in renewable energy sources like wind farms helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.

S

Subsidies

Criticality: 2

Financial assistance or support extended by a government to an economic sector or institution, often to promote certain activities or reduce costs.

Example:

Government subsidies for electric vehicle purchases aim to encourage consumers to adopt cleaner transportation options.