The Living World: Biodiversity
What type of disturbance allows both early and late succession species to survive simultaneously, leading to maximum species diversity?
Random
Low level
Intermediate
High level
Which consequence is most directly associated with the extraction process of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) for natural gas?
Increased seismic activity from waste fluid injection
Potential contamination of groundwater
Complete depletion of nonrenewable resources
Structure degradation from heavy machinery traffic
Which secondary effect of flooding can lead to reduced biodiversity downstream of a river basin?
Increased water clarity boosting photosynthesis and producing more food resources for species.
Temporary increases in nutrient levels stimulating bursts of productivity supporting more species temporarily
The deposition of sediments that can smother aquatic habitats and reduce habitat complexity.
Enhanced dispersal of organisms contributing to genetic diversity among populations along the river.
Which term describes the effects of slow and continuous changes on Earth due to species interference and life cycles?
Random changes
Constant changes
Anthropogenic changes
Seasonal changes
Which outcome best describes how wildfires influence nutrient cycling in an affected ecosystem?
They permanently eradicate essential nutrients, creating vast unproductive regions.
They stabilize long-term nutrient levels by promoting uniform vegetation regrowth.
They temporarily increase nutrient availability by releasing them from plant material during combustion.
They decrease overall primary productivity by destroying decomposers essential for recycling nutrients.
How does the introduction of invasive species typically affect native ecosystems?
Enhances genetic diversity of native plants.
Outcompetes native species for resources.
Provides additional food sources for native predators.
Protects against soil erosion.
How might acid rain predominately formed from sulfur dioxide emissions affect a freshwater lake ecosystem?
Enhance water clarity, leading to increased photosynthesis in aquatic plants.
Attract more bird species to the area as they prefer acidic environments.
Reduce fish populations due to lower pH levels affecting their reproductive success.
Increase plant growth by providing additional sulfur, which is a nutrient for aquatic plants.

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Which conservation approach would likely have the greatest impact on preserving biodiversity in a large-scale forest ecosystem that is subject to logging?
Introducing genetically modified trees that grow faster and reduce the need for natural forest timber.
Establishing a comprehensive network of protected areas with corridors for species migration.
Encouraging ecotourism to promote local economic growth and raise awareness of forest preservation.
Implementing sustainable logging practices that allow some tree removal while maintaining forest structure.
Which scenario best exemplifies how natural disruptions can positively impact biodiversity in an ecosystem?
Prolonged drought conditions cause mass die-offs in amphibian populations that do not recover even after rainfall resumes.
Periodic wildfires clear out underbrush and promote the growth of fire-adapted species leading to diverse successional stages.
An earthquake triggers landslides that bury existing habitats under sediment, causing loss of niche ecosystems.
A volcanic eruption decimates all local wildlife and plant communities, leaving bare rock without any biological diversity.
Which biogeochemical cycle is most significantly affected by the addition of excess nutrients from agricultural runoff?
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Water cycle