Earth Systems & Resources

Increase investment in rainwater harvesting and storage systems for use during periods of water scarcity.

Continue current water usage rates assuming that normal rainfall patterns will resume shortly.

Import large quantities of freshwater without considering long-term impacts or alternatives.

Rely exclusively on desalination processes regardless of their energy intensiveness and cost.

Increased hurricane activity

Warmer than normal ocean temperatures

Cooler than normal ocean temperatures

Decreased fishing industry productivity

Weakening of trade winds

Expansion of the Pacific Ocean

Strengthening of trade winds

Cooling of the thermocline

It leads to a decrease in agricultural pests, resulting in greater productivity.

It often increases agricultural productivity due to milder winters and increased rainfall.

It generally decreases agricultural productivity because of severe drought conditions.

Agricultural productivity remains unchanged as El Niño primarily affects oceanic conditions.

Alaskan salmon fisheries which benefit from warmer water temperatures.

Norwegian cod fisheries improving catches with expanding habitats.

Maine lobster fisheries unaffected by Pacific Ocean temperature changes.

Peruvian anchovy fisheries due to reduced upwelling of nutrient-rich waters.

Static geographic boundaries based on historic average data, ensuring long-term consistency in protection efforts.

Establishment of no-take zones within MPAs to boost fish stocks regardless of climatic disruptions.

Increasing MPA size to compensate for the loss of habitat outside protected areas during extreme weather events.

Dynamic adaptive management strategies capable of responding rapidly to changing oceanic conditions in order to maintain biodiversity.

Lowered sea surface temperatures causing increased metabolic rates in apex predators.

Reduced zooplankton populations due to warmer water, leading to decreased food for higher trophic levels.

Enhanced phytoplankton growth due to upwelling, increasing food for all trophic levels.

Increased algae growth due to cooler waters, providing more food for herbivorous fish.

It causes fish populations to migrate further offshore, seeking stable conditions

It decreases them due to warmer waters and reduced upwelling of nutrients

It has no significant effect as fish adapt quickly to temperature changes

It increases them due to colder waters rich in nutrients from deep ocean layers

Reduced precipitation during La Niña could necessitate greater investment in irrigation systems.

Increased rainfall from La Niña may require changes in soil management to prevent erosion.

La Niña's lower temperatures could lead to an increased reliance on greenhouses for crop production.

Warmer temperatures associated with La Niña might lengthen the growing season for some crops.

Construction of seawalls shifting natural sand movement patterns.

Restoring mangrove forests along coastlines for protection against waves.

Building floating docks that rise with changing tides.

Implementing policies restricting construction in vulnerable coastal regions.