Earth Systems & Resources
What type of rock is most likely to weather into fertile soil?
Basalt
Quartzite
Limestone
Granite
What agricultural practice can lead to soil compaction, reducing its ability to absorb water?
Planting cover crops
Overgrazing by livestock
Mulching with organic matter
Application of compost
How does deforestation contribute to increased rates of soil erosion?
It introduces invasive species that alter native vegetation patterns and degrade topsoil.
It increases the albedo effect leading to lower surface temperatures and drier soils.
It removes root systems that stabilize the soil and decreases biomass that absorbs water.
It increases salinization due to enhanced evaporation rates in cleared areas.
Which soil horizon is composed of a mixture of organic materials with minerals?
A Horizon (Topsoil)
C Horizon (Parent Material)
B Horizon (Subsoil)
E Horizon (Eluviated)
In which climate would chemical weathering of rock occur at the fastest rate, contributing significantly to soil formation?
Cold and dry arctic climate
Temperate continental climate with distinct seasons
Hot and dry desert climate
Warm and moist tropical climate
How does deforestation in primary tropical rainforest regions contribute directly to the carbon cycle?
Decreasing albedo effect leading to higher global temperatures
Enhancing biodiversity through the creation of edge habitats
Increases atmospheric concentration of CO2
Lowering the total amount of freshwater available in earth systems
How would the implementation of a cap-and-trade system for soil carbon sequestration likely affect agricultural practices?
Farmers focus on monoculture practices to maximize short-term economic return.
Farmers may abandon land management, reducing overall soil quality and structure.
Farmers may adopt conservation tillage and crop rotation to increase soil carbon credits.
Farmers extensively use chemical fertilizers to rapidly boost soil productivity.

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Which agricultural technique would best help to preserve soil biodiversity as well as prevent erosion?
Application of broad-spectrum insecticides
No-till farming methods
Use of genetically modified high-yield crops
High-frequency irrigation systems
What is the role of vegetation in protecting against soil erosion?
It helps to hold the soil in place.
It accelerates the process of weathering.
It increases the deposition of sediment.
It promotes leaching of nutrients.
What is the process through which parent material is broken down into smaller particles during soil formation?
Deposition
Leaching
Erosion
Weathering