Earth Systems & Resources
What is the term used to describe the amount of water that soil can absorb given the effects of gravity upon the soil?
Permeability
Water-holding capacity
Aeration
Porosity
Which of the following is not a physical property of soil?
Particle size
Permeability
pH
Aeration
Which term refers to the nutrient levels of soil and to what extent it is able to support vegetation?
Permeability
Porosity
pH
Fertility
What is the term used to describe the ability of soil particles to attract cations?
Permeability
pH
Nutrient capacity
Cation exchange
How might overgrazing affect topsoil characteristics, directly influencing both productivity and environmental stability?
Increased soil erosion
Increased nitrogen fixation
Increased phosphate levels
Enhanced litter decomposition
What is the primary role of humus in the soil?
It binds soil particles into larger aggregates.
It increases soil fertility by adding organic matter.
It filters water to prevent pollutants from entering groundwater.
It aerates the soil by creating spaces for air pockets.
How would a policy focused on phytoremediation impact soils contaminated with heavy metals from industrial runoff over time?
It would increase bioavailability of heavy metals through acidification processes enhancing their mobility in food chains.
Phytoremediation would deplete essential nutrients from the soil, thereby worsening its overall fertility for future use.
It could restore soil health by using specific plants capable of absorbing contaminants without immediate human consumption risks.
It could lead to exacerbated contamination as more industries rely on natural attenuation instead of decreasing emissions.

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How would an excessive use of a single type of pesticide in an agricultural setting most likely affect soil biodiversity over time?
Increase diversity by creating new ecological niches.
Cause fluctuations in diversity without a clear trend.
Decrease diversity by eliminating pesticide-sensitive species.
Have no impact on diversity due to quick degradation.
In terms of soil fertility, how could the continuous application of chemical fertilizers at rates exceeding plant requirements detrimentally affect the nitrogen cycle?
Reduces atmospheric nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria.
Causes eutrophication from runoff into local water bodies.
Increases carbon sequestration enhancing soil organic matter.
Improves cation exchange capacity making more nutrients available.
Which soil conservation strategy can contribute to increased water retention and prevent erosion but may lead to reduced accessibility for machinery in large-scale agriculture?
Overgrazing
Monocropping
Contour plowing
Terracing