Earth Systems & Resources
Which factor impacts the amount of runoff absorbed by soil in a watershed?
Size
Vegetation
Slope
Type of soil
When considering social aspects, what is a potential drawback of creating large-scale marine protected areas (MPAs) within coastal watersheds?
Displacing recreational activities may lead tourists to frequent other environmental hotspots causing overcrowding there instead.
Encouraging scientific research could inadvertently lead to exploitation through bioprospecting and patent issues surrounding marine resources discovered there.
Limiting access can negatively affect local fishing communities reliant on those areas for their livelihoods.
Focusing on MPAs might detract attention from inland conservation efforts, resulting in reduced funding for non-coastal projects.
Introducing riparian buffers with native plant species along agricultural fields predominantly affects watersheds by doing what?
Stabilizing streambanks and filtering out pollutants before they enter bodies of water.
Increasing invasive species populations that outcompete native flora.
Decreasing primary production as shading reduces photosynthesis in aquatic systems.
Increasing pesticide drift that contaminates adjacent wetlands.
Which of the following is a primary function of a watershed?
Regulating ocean salinity levels
Providing habitats exclusively for terrestrial animals
Filtering sunlight for aquatic plants
Draining precipitation to a common outlet
Which renewable energy source would most likely lead to habitat destruction and the displacement of terrestrial wildlife due to its infrastructure requirements?
Solar power
Hydropower
Geothermal power
Wind power
In what way might point source pollution control strategies differ from non-point source controls in watersheds?
Point-source regulations usually promote biodegradable material usage non-point approaches prefer increased synthetic pollutant utilization
They often involve direct regulation of effluent discharge at specific locations versus diffuse sources management practices such as agricultural runoff control measures
Nonpoint-source controls typically target manufacturing plants whereas point source strategies focus on residential areas
Point-source controls are generally voluntary corporate initiatives non-point source methods include mandatory government-imposed fines
To effectively manage a watershed, managers must consider how changes upstream affect conditions where?
Assuming effects remain local, prioritize site-specific rather than holistic.
Concentrating resources exclusively on headwaters ignores the cumulative effects in lower reaches.
Understanding hydrological connectivity ensures that interventions account for relationships between actions taken throughout the entire system.
Focusing solely on downstream impacts neglects the influence exerted by regions at higher elevations.

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In order maintain healthy watersheds, which agricultural practice should be most encouraged because it reduces both soil erosion and nutrient runoff?
Intensive irrigation techniques utilizing high-volume sprinkler systems
Wide-spread application chemical fertilizers enhance plant growth rates
Expansion monoculture cropping systems increase overall planting density
No-till farming combined with cover cropping during off-season periods
What is the term for an area of land that drains all the streams and rainfall to a common outlet?
Biome
Ecosystem
Estuary
Watershed
What effect does deforestation have on the health and functioning of watersheds?
Reduces evapotranspiration, thereby decreasing humidity in surrounding areas.
It leads to increased soil erosion which reduces stream bank stability and contributes to sedimentation.
Increases biodiversity due to the creation of new habitats for opportunistic species.
Enhances groundwater recharge capacity by deepening and channeling rainwater.