Global Change

Enhanced species interactions

Range shifts toward cooler waters

Increased habitat fragmentation

Expansion of biodiversity hotspots

Warmer temperatures could increase metabolic rates, potentially expanding niches for certain extremophiles.

Decreased oxygen solubility may enhance anaerobic conditions favoring bacteria diversity near hydrothermal vents.

Reduced nutrient upwelling could limit resources available for chemosynthesis, diminishing ecosystem productivity.

Expansion of hypoxic zones may lead to an increase in sulfur-reducing bacteria populations around sediment layers.

Greater sediment deposition in rivers.

Thermal expansion of water.

Enhanced coastal plant growth.

Increased freshwater consumption.

Causes coral bleaching

Promotes algae growth on corals

Increases coral calcification rates

Enhances symbiotic relationships within reefs

They provide sugar to the coral

They catch food for the coral

They protect the coral from predators

They are responsible for coral bleaching

Pollution from agricultural runoff causing eutrophication in coastal waters.

Intensified industrialization leading to increased atmospheric CO2 levels.

Coastal development leading to habitat destruction for marine organisms.

Overfishing that reduces populations of commercial fish species.

Constructing taller buildings therefore increasing shadow casted area over water bodies adjacent these urban zones.

Increasing albedo building materials surfaces reflecting sunlight away from cityscape hence decreasing overall warmth nearby waters.

Expanding sea walls around perimeter shoreline as first line defence against storm surge damage.

Incorporating green roofs, permeable pavements, and increased shade coverage in city landscapes reduce urban heat island effect.

Parasitic

Symbiotic

Predatory

Competitive

Increased metabolic rates leading potentially to decreased growth efficiency as they need more food.

Altered migration patterns due to changes in prey distribution affected by temperature shifts.

Fewer breeding sites as rising temperatures may limit habitat suitability or availability.

Territorial expansion as temperate zones become more hospitable with warmer conditions.

Decrease in marine life populations

Increased greenhouse gas emissions

Reduction in solar radiation reaching Earth

Increased volcanic activity underwater