Global Change

Warmer temperatures could increase metabolic rates, potentially expanding niches for certain extremophiles.

Decreased oxygen solubility may enhance anaerobic conditions favoring bacteria diversity near hydrothermal vents.

Reduced nutrient upwelling could limit resources available for chemosynthesis, diminishing ecosystem productivity.

Expansion of hypoxic zones may lead to an increase in sulfur-reducing bacteria populations around sediment layers.

They provide sugar to the coral

They catch food for the coral

They protect the coral from predators

They are responsible for coral bleaching

Enhanced species interactions

Range shifts toward cooler waters

Increased habitat fragmentation

Expansion of biodiversity hotspots

Constructing taller buildings therefore increasing shadow casted area over water bodies adjacent these urban zones.

Increasing albedo building materials surfaces reflecting sunlight away from cityscape hence decreasing overall warmth nearby waters.

Expanding sea walls around perimeter shoreline as first line defence against storm surge damage.

Incorporating green roofs, permeable pavements, and increased shade coverage in city landscapes reduce urban heat island effect.

Greater sediment deposition in rivers.

Thermal expansion of water.

Enhanced coastal plant growth.

Increased freshwater consumption.

Causes coral bleaching

Promotes algae growth on corals

Increases coral calcification rates

Enhances symbiotic relationships within reefs

Pollution from agricultural runoff causing eutrophication in coastal waters.

Intensified industrialization leading to increased atmospheric CO2 levels.

Coastal development leading to habitat destruction for marine organisms.

Overfishing that reduces populations of commercial fish species.

Parasitic

Symbiotic

Predatory

Competitive

It decreases oxygen levels, leading to warmer waters.

It reduces salinity, which raises water temperature.

It traps more heat in the atmosphere, increasing sea surface temperatures.

It directly heats up the water molecules in the ocean.

Enhancing biodiversity and species adaptation in coastal ecosystems.

Increasing nutrient distribution, promoting ecosystem functions and climate regulation.

Improving thermohaline circulation, stabilizing oceanic temperature patterns.

Heat buildup slows down deep water currents, reducing nutrient distribution and affecting global climate.