Increased literacy, spread of ideas, and fueled religious reform by allowing wider access to texts.

It set the stage for the Protestant Reformation and introduced new artistic and intellectual movements in Northern Europe.

The 15th century.

Northern humanists identified discrepancies with Catholic teachings, fueling the desire for change.

More people could read, leading to greater engagement with religious and political texts.

The Church, humanists, and statesmen could disseminate their views to a wider audience.

Fueling the demand for reforms.

Political ideas and criticisms could be spread more easily, influencing public opinion and challenging authority.

The printing press helped standardize languages and promoted a sense of shared identity and culture.

The printing press made books more affordable and accessible, leading to the growth of schools and universities.

Cause: Desire to blend classical learning with Christian faith. Effect: Religious reform and emphasis on individual potential.

Cause: Desire for faster and cheaper book production. Effect: Increased literacy, spread of ideas, religious reform.

Cause: Spread of Renaissance ideas from Italy and a desire for religious and social reform. Effect: New artistic styles, increased literacy, and the Protestant Reformation.

Cause: Northern humanists sought to understand the original teachings of the Church. Effect: Identification of discrepancies with Catholic teachings and a desire for reform.

Cause: The invention of the printing press made books more accessible. Effect: Greater engagement with religious and political texts and the spread of new ideas.

Cause: Increased access to religious texts and a desire for religious reform. Effect: Fueling the demand for reforms and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

Cause: A desire to depict the world accurately and a focus on everyday life. Effect: Detailed and precise depictions of individuals and scenes from daily life.

Movement blending classical learning with Christian teachings, emphasizing individual potential and religious reform.

Artistic style focusing on detailed and precise depictions of everyday life and individuals.

The spread of Renaissance ideas to Northern Europe, characterized by religious reform and everyday life focus.

A period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering much of the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas and achievements of classical antiquity.

Efforts to change or improve the practices and teachings of the Church, often in response to perceived corruption or discrepancies.

The study of ancient Greek and Roman texts, philosophy, and culture.

A mechanical device for transferring text or images to paper, invented by Johann Gutenberg.

The everyday language spoken by the people of a particular region or country.

Emphasis on the importance of the individual and their achievements, rather than collective identity.

The scientific study of the structure of the human body.