Cause: Competition between Spain and Portugal. Effect: Division of South America, shaping colonial development.

Cause: Death of Charles II without an heir and fears of French dominance. Effect: Treaty of Utrecht, altered European power balance.

Cause: Colonial and European rivalries. Effect: Treaty of Paris, British dominance, reshaped global power dynamics.

Cause: Demand for labor in Spanish colonies. Effect: Increased slavery and economic competition among European powers.

Cause: Calvinist values and a pragmatic approach to governance. Effect: Economic growth and attraction of skilled workers and merchants.

Cause: Desire for national wealth and power. Effect: Colonial expansion, trade restrictions, and conflicts over resources.

Cause: Demand for labor on plantations in the Americas. Effect: Devastation of African societies, enrichment of European powers, and the creation of a system of racial inequality.

Cause: Desire for new trade routes, wealth, and religious conversion. Effect: Colonial expansion, cultural exchange, and the exploitation of indigenous populations.

Cause: Competition for land, resources, and trade. Effect: Wars, shifting alliances, and the reshaping of global power dynamics.

Cause: Desire for wealth through sugar production. Effect: Establishment of profitable plantations, reliance on enslaved labor, and social unrest.

Spain focused on the Americas, extracting resources and converting populations. Portugal focused on trade routes and establishing coastal trading posts in Africa and Asia.

The Dutch focused on trade and establishing commercial networks, while the French focused on fur trade, fishing, and spreading Catholicism.

The Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of the Spanish Succession and reshaped European power, while the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years' War and established British dominance.

Spain sought gold, glory, and God; Portugal sought trade routes and wealth; the Dutch sought commercial dominance; France sought fish, fur, and faith; England sought land, resources, and religious freedom.

European colonization led to displacement, disease, and cultural disruption for indigenous populations across the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

Slavery was central to the economies of Spanish, Portuguese, French, and British colonies in the Americas, providing labor for plantations and mines.

Spanish and Portuguese empires relied heavily on mercantilism and the extraction of resources, while the Dutch empire focused on trade and financial innovation.

Spanish colonies were governed by viceroys appointed by the crown, while Dutch colonies were often controlled by merchant oligarchies.

Spain and France actively promoted Catholicism, while the Dutch practiced religious tolerance to attract settlers and promote economic growth.

European colonization led to the spread of European languages, cultures, and institutions, as well as the creation of new nations and the exploitation of resources and labor.

A European conflict triggered by the death of Charles II of Spain and fears of French dominance, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht.

It ended the War of the Spanish Succession, recognized Philip as King of Spain, and redistributed territories, impacting the balance of power in Europe.

A global conflict between major European powers over European and colonial dominance, ending with the Treaty of Paris.

Ended the Seven Years' War, significantly altering the global balance of power, with Britain gaining vast territories from France.

Divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain, influencing the colonization of South America.

Early 1600s, led by Henry Hudson.

1500s.

Took over many Portuguese trading posts and became a major player in global trade.

Establish profitable sugar plantations using enslaved Africans.

France lost out to the British after the Seven Years' War.