All Flashcards
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 with his 95 Theses.
Who was John Calvin?
An organized Protestant theologian who emphasized predestination.
Who was Henry VIII?
The King of England who created the Church of England for personal and political reasons.
Who was Charles V?
The Holy Roman Emperor during the time of Martin Luther and the Schmalkaldic Wars.
Who were the Jesuits?
A new religious order that worked to spread Catholicism and reform the church during the Catholic Reformation.
Who was Henry IV (of Navarre)?
King of France who issued the Edict of Nantes, granting religious toleration to Huguenots.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
A leader in the Swiss Reformation, advocating for reforms similar to Luther's.
Who was Ignatius of Loyola?
The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), a key figure in the Catholic Reformation.
Who was John Knox?
A Scottish reformer who established Presbyterianism in Scotland.
Who was Philip II of Spain?
The King of Spain who opposed the Dutch Revolt and sought to maintain Catholic control over the Netherlands.
What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes: Corruption in the Catholic Church, theological disagreements. Effects: Religious wars, new Protestant denominations, the Catholic Reformation.
What were the causes and effects of the Council of Trent?
Causes: The Protestant Reformation. Effects: Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine, reforms within the Church, renewed efforts to spread Catholicism.
What were the causes and effects of the Schmalkaldic Wars?
Causes: Religious divisions within the Holy Roman Empire. Effects: The Peace of Augsburg, which allowed princes to choose the religion of their territory.
What were the causes and effects of the French Wars of Religion?
Causes: Religious tensions between Catholics and Huguenots. Effects: The Edict of Nantes, granting religious toleration to Huguenots.
What were the causes and effects of the Dutch Revolt?
Causes: Religious persecution of Calvinists by Spain. Effects: The split between the independent Protestant Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories.
What were the causes and effects of the Thirty Years' War?
Causes: Religious and political tensions within the Holy Roman Empire. Effects: The Peace of Westphalia, further religious divisions, and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
What were the causes and effects of the invention of the printing press?
Causes: Desire for faster and more efficient book production. Effects: Rapid spread of Protestant ideas, increased literacy, and challenges to traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of Henry VIII's creation of the Church of England?
Causes: Henry VIII's desire for a divorce and greater political control. Effects: Establishment of the Church of England, further weakening of papal authority, and religious changes in England.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of witchcraft persecutions?
Causes: Religious and social anxieties, belief in the power of the devil. Effects: Persecution and execution of accused witches, particularly women.
What were the causes and effects of the Catholic Reformation?
Causes: The Protestant Reformation and the need to address corruption within the Catholic Church. Effects: Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine, reforms within the Church, and renewed efforts to spread Catholicism through the Jesuits.
Compare Catholicism and Protestantism.
Catholicism: Salvation through sacraments administered by clergy. Protestantism: Salvation through faith alone; scripture as the ultimate authority.
Compare the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation.
Protestant Reformation: A protest against the Catholic Church. Catholic Reformation: The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and combating Protestantism.
Compare Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Lutheranism: Emphasized salvation through faith alone. Calvinism: Emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God.
Compare the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War.
French Wars of Religion: Primarily a civil conflict within France. Thirty Years' War: A broader European conflict with religious and political dimensions.
Compare Baroque and Protestant art.
Baroque Art: Flamboyant and ornate, used by the Catholic Church. Protestant Art: More subdued and less ornate.
Compare the roles of women before and after the Reformation.
Before: Women had opportunities in female abbeys. After: Closure of abbeys limited independent female communities; patriarchal structures largely remained intact.
Compare the political motivations of Henry VIII and the Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire.
Henry VIII: Sought personal and political power through the creation of the Church of England. Protestant Princes: Aimed to gain independence and seize Church lands.
Compare the impacts of the Peace of Augsburg and the Peace of Westphalia.
Peace of Augsburg: Allowed princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism. Peace of Westphalia: Added Calvinism as an option and further decentralized the Holy Roman Empire.
Compare the approaches of Luther and Calvin to religious reform.
Luther: Focused on justification by faith and the authority of scripture. Calvin: Emphasized predestination and a strict moral code.
Compare the initial goals of the Protestant reformers with the eventual outcomes of the Reformation.
Initial Goals: To reform the Catholic Church and address corruption. Eventual Outcomes: Fragmentation of Christianity, religious wars, and significant political and social changes.