Causes: Corruption in the Catholic Church, theological disagreements. Effects: Religious wars, new Protestant denominations, the Catholic Reformation.

Causes: The Protestant Reformation. Effects: Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine, reforms within the Church, renewed efforts to spread Catholicism.

Causes: Religious divisions within the Holy Roman Empire. Effects: The Peace of Augsburg, which allowed princes to choose the religion of their territory.

Causes: Religious tensions between Catholics and Huguenots. Effects: The Edict of Nantes, granting religious toleration to Huguenots.

Causes: Religious persecution of Calvinists by Spain. Effects: The split between the independent Protestant Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories.

Causes: Religious and political tensions within the Holy Roman Empire. Effects: The Peace of Westphalia, further religious divisions, and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.

Causes: Desire for faster and more efficient book production. Effects: Rapid spread of Protestant ideas, increased literacy, and challenges to traditional authority.

Causes: Henry VIII's desire for a divorce and greater political control. Effects: Establishment of the Church of England, further weakening of papal authority, and religious changes in England.

Causes: Religious and social anxieties, belief in the power of the devil. Effects: Persecution and execution of accused witches, particularly women.

Causes: The Protestant Reformation and the need to address corruption within the Catholic Church. Effects: Reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine, reforms within the Church, and renewed efforts to spread Catholicism through the Jesuits.

Martin Luther publicly criticized the Catholic Church's practices, sparking the Protestant Reformation in 1517.

The Catholic Church addressed corruption, reaffirmed Catholic theology, and launched reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant princes fought against the Holy Roman Emperor and Catholic princes, ending with the Peace of Augsburg.

Conflicts between Protestant and Catholic nobles and the King, ending with the Edict of Nantes.

Calvinists in the Low Countries revolted against Spanish rule, leading to the split between the independent Protestant Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories.

A conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and Protestant princes, resulting in the Peace of Westphalia and further religious divisions.

It allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their territory.

It granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) in France, ending the French Wars of Religion.

It ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

To reform the Catholic Church and combat the spread of Protestantism through measures like the Council of Trent and the establishment of new religious orders.

A 16th-century movement protesting the Roman Catholic Church, aiming for reform.

Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church, posted in 1517.

The belief, emphasized by John Calvin, that God has predetermined who will be saved.

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, addressing corruption and reaffirming Catholic theology.

Granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) in France.

Ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

French Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries.

An alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to defend their religious and political interests.

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and combating Protestantism.

A flamboyant style of art used by powerful monarchs and the Catholic Church to impress their people.