All Flashcards
What is the definition of Protestant Reformation?
A 16th-century movement protesting the Roman Catholic Church, aiming for reform.
What is the definition of the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther's list of grievances against the Catholic Church, posted in 1517.
What is the definition of predestination?
The belief, emphasized by John Calvin, that God has predetermined who will be saved.
What is the definition of the Council of Trent?
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, addressing corruption and reaffirming Catholic theology.
What is the definition of the Edict of Nantes?
Granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) in France.
What is the definition of the Peace of Westphalia?
Ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
What is the definition of Huguenots?
French Protestants during the 16th and 17th centuries.
What is the definition of Schmalkaldic League?
An alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to defend their religious and political interests.
What is the definition of Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation)?
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and combating Protestantism.
What is the definition of Baroque Art?
A flamboyant style of art used by powerful monarchs and the Catholic Church to impress their people.
What happened during the posting of the 95 Theses?
Martin Luther publicly criticized the Catholic Church's practices, sparking the Protestant Reformation in 1517.
What happened during the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?
The Catholic Church addressed corruption, reaffirmed Catholic theology, and launched reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.
What happened during the Schmalkaldic Wars (1532-1555)?
Protestant princes fought against the Holy Roman Emperor and Catholic princes, ending with the Peace of Augsburg.
What happened during the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)?
Conflicts between Protestant and Catholic nobles and the King, ending with the Edict of Nantes.
What happened during the Dutch Revolt (1568-1648)?
Calvinists in the Low Countries revolted against Spanish rule, leading to the split between the independent Protestant Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories.
What happened during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)?
A conflict between the Holy Roman Emperor and Protestant princes, resulting in the Peace of Westphalia and further religious divisions.
What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg?
It allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their territory.
What was the significance of the Edict of Nantes?
It granted religious toleration to Huguenots (French Protestants) in France, ending the French Wars of Religion.
What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?
It ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
What was the main goal of the Catholic Reformation?
To reform the Catholic Church and combat the spread of Protestantism through measures like the Council of Trent and the establishment of new religious orders.
Compare Catholicism and Protestantism.
Catholicism: Salvation through sacraments administered by clergy. Protestantism: Salvation through faith alone; scripture as the ultimate authority.
Compare the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation.
Protestant Reformation: A protest against the Catholic Church. Catholic Reformation: The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aimed at reforming the Church and combating Protestantism.
Compare Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Lutheranism: Emphasized salvation through faith alone. Calvinism: Emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God.
Compare the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War.
French Wars of Religion: Primarily a civil conflict within France. Thirty Years' War: A broader European conflict with religious and political dimensions.
Compare Baroque and Protestant art.
Baroque Art: Flamboyant and ornate, used by the Catholic Church. Protestant Art: More subdued and less ornate.
Compare the roles of women before and after the Reformation.
Before: Women had opportunities in female abbeys. After: Closure of abbeys limited independent female communities; patriarchal structures largely remained intact.
Compare the political motivations of Henry VIII and the Protestant Princes in the Holy Roman Empire.
Henry VIII: Sought personal and political power through the creation of the Church of England. Protestant Princes: Aimed to gain independence and seize Church lands.
Compare the impacts of the Peace of Augsburg and the Peace of Westphalia.
Peace of Augsburg: Allowed princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism. Peace of Westphalia: Added Calvinism as an option and further decentralized the Holy Roman Empire.
Compare the approaches of Luther and Calvin to religious reform.
Luther: Focused on justification by faith and the authority of scripture. Calvin: Emphasized predestination and a strict moral code.
Compare the initial goals of the Protestant reformers with the eventual outcomes of the Reformation.
Initial Goals: To reform the Catholic Church and address corruption. Eventual Outcomes: Fragmentation of Christianity, religious wars, and significant political and social changes.