Reformation

By encouraging revolutionary uprisings against established authorities in favor of radical democracy.

By supporting a return to feudal governance with power shared among various hereditary nobles.

By promoting the separation of powers into distinct branches to prevent any single entity from gaining total control.

By advocating for an elective monarchy where rulers are chosen based on merit rather than birthright.

To encourage colonization for religious conversion.

To reduce tariffs and trade barriers within Europe.

To increase self-sufficiency through mercantilism.

To promote free trade with other nations.

They encouraged France’s rapid secularization as both sides grew weary from prolonged conflicts based on faith differences.

They resulted in France becoming predominantly Lutheran after German influences dominated religious policies during these wars.

They exacerbated tensions between Catholics and Huguenots but ultimately led to policies promoting civil unity under Henry IV.

They unified France under strict Calvinist doctrine after Huguenot victories solidified their control over key regions.

They reduced military conflicts because states prioritized domestic economic reforms over expansionism.

They fueled competition for colonies as sources for raw materials and markets for finished goods.

They led to an immediate establishment of free trade agreements between European states and colonies.

They discouraged colonization due to focus on self-sufficiency within European borders.

Edict of Nantes

Peace of Augsburg

Act of Supremacy

Magna Carta

It was used extensively, e.g., through treaties like Ryswick (1697), to prevent one state from becoming too dominant.

It played a minimal role, with most disputes being resolved solely through military engagements.

Diplomacy was neglected as empires preferred espionage activities exclusively.

Diplomatic efforts overwhelmingly focused on cultural exchanges rather than political negotiations.

Hanseatic League

Columbian Exchange

Amber Road

Silk Road

To launch a crusade against Protestant states.

To expel all Huguenots from France.

To establish Catholicism as the sole religion in France.

To grant religious tolerance to Huguenots.

The War of the Roses

The Thirty Years' War

The War of Spanish Succession

The Fronde

Both sought to establish a balance of power to maintain peace and prevent dominance by any single state.

Both were primarily religious settlements that resolved conflicts between Catholic and Protestant states.

They led to the immediate establishment of democratic governments in major European nations.

Each resulted in the creation of new nation-states based on nationalist sentiments.