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What were the causes and effects of the invention of the printing press?
Cause: Desire for faster and cheaper book production. Effect: Rapid spread of new ideas, including those of the Reformation.
What were the causes and effects of the sale of indulgences?
Cause: Church needed money (e.g., St. Peter's Basilica). Effect: Outrage, fueling calls for reform.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of state power?
Cause: Desire of rulers to consolidate control. Effect: Weakening of Church influence and authority.
What were the causes and effects of the Church's wealth and power?
Cause: Accumulation of land, tithes, and fees. Effect: Criticism for worldliness and corruption.
What were the causes and effects of the pre-Luther reformers' ideas?
Cause: Dissatisfaction with Church practices. Effect: Laid groundwork for the Protestant Reformation.
What were the causes and effects of the Commercial Revolution?
Cause: Voyages of exploration and increased trade. Effect: Cities expanded, and new inventions emerged.
What were the causes and effects of the lack of knowledge among priests?
Cause: Inadequate training and education. Effect: Decreased respect for the clergy and their teachings.
What were the causes and effects of the Church's use of force?
Cause: Suppression of dissent and heresy. Effect: Increased resentment and calls for reform.
What were the causes and effects of translating the Bible into vernacular languages?
Cause: Desire to make scripture accessible to all. Effect: Empowered individuals to interpret scripture for themselves, challenging Church authority.
What were the causes and effects of nepotism and simony within the Church?
Cause: Corruption and desire for personal gain. Effect: Eroded trust in the Church and fueled calls for reform.
Who were Jan Hus and John Wycliffe?
Early critics of the Catholic Church who challenged its authority.
Who was Johann Tetzel?
A seller of indulgences whose actions provoked Martin Luther.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
Inventor of the printing press.
Who was Henry VII?
English king who empowered the Star Chamber.
What was the significance of The Borgias?
An Italian family that exemplified the abuse of clerical power.
What did Jan Hus advocate for?
Challenged the Church openly, criticizing its officials and policies as “unscriptural.”
What did John Wycliffe believe?
Believed the Bible should be in the vernacular so everyone could read it.
What was the role of Pre-Luther Reformers?
Challenged the Church openly, criticizing its officials and policies as “unscriptural.”
What was the role of the priests?
Lack of knowledge among priests was one of the critiques of the Church.
What was the role of the Pope?
They undermined the authority of the Pope.
What is 'vernacular'?
The common language of the people.
Define 'indulgences'.
Documents sold by the Church to reduce time in purgatory.
What is 'simony'?
Buying and selling church offices.
Define 'nepotism'.
Favoring family members for church positions.
What was the Commercial Revolution?
Growth of commerce in Europe, fueled by exploration and trade.
What is 'political centralization'?
The concentration of power in a central government.
What was the Star Chamber?
A court under the King's jurisdiction, empowered by Henry VII.
Define 'purgatory'.
In Catholic theology, a state or place of temporal punishment for those who died in a state of grace but were not yet free from all imperfection.
What is meant by 'unscriptural'?
Not in accordance with the teachings of the Bible.
Define 'clerical power'.
The authority and influence held by members of the clergy.