All Flashcards
What is 'vernacular'?
The common language of the people.
Define 'indulgences'.
Documents sold by the Church to reduce time in purgatory.
What is 'simony'?
Buying and selling church offices.
Define 'nepotism'.
Favoring family members for church positions.
What was the Commercial Revolution?
Growth of commerce in Europe, fueled by exploration and trade.
What is 'political centralization'?
The concentration of power in a central government.
What was the Star Chamber?
A court under the King's jurisdiction, empowered by Henry VII.
Define 'purgatory'.
In Catholic theology, a state or place of temporal punishment for those who died in a state of grace but were not yet free from all imperfection.
What is meant by 'unscriptural'?
Not in accordance with the teachings of the Bible.
Define 'clerical power'.
The authority and influence held by members of the clergy.
What was the significance of Wycliffe and Hus challenging the Church?
They were major influences on the Protestant Reformation, laying the groundwork for Luther.
What was the purpose of selling indulgences?
To raise money, notably to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
What was the impact of the printing press?
Revolutionized the spread of information, allowing mass production of documents.
What was the effect of governments strengthening their power?
Led to a decline in the Church's power.
What was the significance of the Thirty Years' War?
Example of the interplay between religious, political, and economic motives.
What was the effect of translating the Bible into vernacular languages?
Allowed more people to interpret scripture for themselves, challenging Church authority.
What was the effect of the rise of state power?
Governments began to strengthen their own power at the expense of the Church.
What was the consequence of the Church's use of force?
Suppressed dissent and fueled resentment towards the Church.
What was the effect of the Commercial Revolution?
Cities expanded, and new inventions emerged, challenging traditional ways of life.
What was the impact of Johann Tetzel's actions?
His aggressive selling of indulgences sparked outrage and contributed to the Reformation.
Who were Jan Hus and John Wycliffe?
Early critics of the Catholic Church who challenged its authority.
Who was Johann Tetzel?
A seller of indulgences whose actions provoked Martin Luther.
Who was Johannes Gutenberg?
Inventor of the printing press.
Who was Henry VII?
English king who empowered the Star Chamber.
What was the significance of The Borgias?
An Italian family that exemplified the abuse of clerical power.
What did Jan Hus advocate for?
Challenged the Church openly, criticizing its officials and policies as “unscriptural.”
What did John Wycliffe believe?
Believed the Bible should be in the vernacular so everyone could read it.
What was the role of Pre-Luther Reformers?
Challenged the Church openly, criticizing its officials and policies as “unscriptural.”
What was the role of the priests?
Lack of knowledge among priests was one of the critiques of the Church.
What was the role of the Pope?
They undermined the authority of the Pope.