All Flashcards
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the sale of indulgences.
Who was John Calvin?
A French theologian who founded Calvinism, emphasizing predestination.
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
An influential Swiss reformer.
What was Martin Luther's key belief?
Salvation comes through divine grace alone, not through good works or indulgences.
What was John Calvin's key belief?
Predestination - God has already decided who will be saved and who will not.
What was Luther's view on the authority of the Pope?
He rejected the Pope's authority and emphasized the Bible as the sole source of religious authority.
What was Calvin's influence on the Protestant Work Ethic?
His teachings contributed to the development of the Protestant Work Ethic, linking wealth to God's favor.
What was Luther's initial intention with the 95 Theses?
To initiate an academic debate, not to break with the Church.
What was Calvin's view on the role of the state in religious matters?
He believed the state should enforce religious laws and promote moral behavior.
Who did Luther translate the Bible into German?
He translated the Bible into German, making it more accessible to the common people.
What were the causes and effects of the sale of indulgences?
Cause: The Church needed money. Effect: Sparked outrage, leading to Luther's 95 Theses and the Reformation.
What were the causes and effects of Luther's refusal to recant at the Diet of Worms?
Cause: Luther's strong belief in his convictions. Effect: He was condemned as a heretic, further solidifying the split in Christianity.
What were the causes and effects of the invention of the printing press?
Cause: Technological advancement. Effect: Rapid spread of Reformation ideas, increased literacy, and challenged traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation?
Causes: Corruption in the Catholic Church, the sale of indulgences, and new theological ideas. Effects: Religious wars, the rise of Protestant states, and increased religious pluralism.
What were the causes and effects of the German Peasants' Revolt?
Causes: Inspired by Luther's ideas, social and economic grievances. Effects: Suppression of the revolt, disillusionment among some reformers, and increased social stratification.
What were the causes and effects of the concept of 'Sola Scriptura'?
Cause: Protestant reformers believed the Bible was the sole source of religious authority. Effect: Emphasized personal Bible study, challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, and led to diverse interpretations of scripture.
What were the causes and effects of the concept of 'Sola Fide'?
Cause: Protestant reformers believed salvation came through faith alone. Effect: Challenged the Catholic Church's emphasis on good works and sacraments, and led to a shift in religious practice.
What were the causes and effects of the belief in predestination?
Cause: John Calvin's theological teachings. Effect: Anxiety among believers, the rise of the Protestant Work Ethic, and the spread of Calvinism.
What were the causes and effects of the persecution of Anabaptists?
Cause: Their radical beliefs and rejection of state authority. Effect: Migration to new areas, the development of pacifist communities, and a lasting legacy of religious freedom.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Protestantism?
Causes: Religious, political, and social factors. Effects: Religious wars, the fragmentation of Christendom, and the rise of modern nation-states.
What happened in 1517?
Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg Church door, challenging the sale of indulgences.
What happened at the Diet of Worms in 1521?
Martin Luther refused to recant his views.
What was the German Peasants' Revolt?
A revolt inspired by Luther's ideas, but he did not support their rebellion.
What was the significance of posting the 95 Theses?
It sparked the Protestant Reformation by challenging the sale of indulgences and papal authority.
What was the impact of the printing press during the Reformation?
It allowed for the rapid spread of Luther's ideas, increasing support for the Reformation.
What was the purpose of the Diet of Worms?
To give Martin Luther an opportunity to recant his writings and beliefs.
What was the result of the Diet of Worms?
Luther refused to recant, leading to his condemnation as a heretic.
What was the main issue addressed in Luther's 95 Theses?
The sale of indulgences and the corruption within the Catholic Church.
What was the significance of the German Peasants' Revolt?
It highlighted the social and economic tensions of the time and the impact of Reformation ideas on society.
What was the role of Ulrich Zwingli?
He was an influential Swiss reformer.