All Flashcards
What is cuius regio, eius religio?
Whose realm, his religion; the principle that a ruler's religion determined the religion of their territory.
Define Huguenots.
French Calvinists who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A decree issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting religious freedom to Huguenots.
What is the Defenestration of Prague?
The act of throwing Protestant representatives out of a window in Prague, triggering the Thirty Years' War.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and reshaped the political and religious map of Europe.
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
An organization under Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to eliminate Muslims and Jews, often through forced conversion or expulsion.
Define the English Reformation.
A series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
An alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to defend their religious and political interests against Charles V.
What is religious pluralism?
The acceptance of multiple religious beliefs within a society.
Define the Peace of Augsburg.
A treaty in 1555 that allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their states.
What was the German Peasants' War?
A revolt in 1524-1525 inspired by Luther's ideas, where peasants demanded social equality and religious freedom. It was suppressed with Luther's support of the aristocracy.
What was the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?
An agreement that allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism within their territories, establishing the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.
What was the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)?
A massacre of Huguenots in France, escalating the French Wars of Religion.
What was the Edict of Nantes (1598)?
A decree by Henry IV of France granting religious freedom to Huguenots, ending the French Wars of Religion.
What was the Defenestration of Prague (1618)?
The act of throwing representatives of the Holy Roman Empire out of a window in Prague, triggering the Thirty Years' War.
What was the Peace of Westphalia (1648)?
A series of treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, recognizing Calvinism, weakening the Holy Roman Empire, and establishing a new European order.
What was the Schmalkaldic War?
A series of conflicts in the mid-16th century between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Protestant princes.
What was the War of the Three Henrys?
A conflict within the French Wars of Religion involving King Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry I, Duke of Guise.
What was the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years' War?
A phase of the Thirty Years' War (1625-1629) where Denmark intervened to support the Protestants, but was ultimately defeated.
What was the Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years' War?
A phase of the Thirty Years' War (1630-1635) where Sweden, under Gustavus Adolphus, intervened to support the Protestants, achieving significant victories.
Compare the German Peasants' War and the French Wars of Religion.
Both involved religious motivations but the Peasants' War was driven by social grievances while the French Wars of Religion were fueled by aristocratic and monarchical power struggles.
Compare the Peace of Augsburg and the Peace of Westphalia.
Both aimed to resolve religious conflicts, but Augsburg only recognized Lutheranism and Catholicism, while Westphalia also recognized Calvinism and further weakened the Holy Roman Empire.
Compare the roles of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I in the English Reformation.
Henry VIII initiated the Reformation for personal and political reasons, while Elizabeth I solidified the Church of England and established a more moderate religious policy.
Compare the motivations of France and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War.
Sweden intervened primarily to support the Protestant cause and expand its influence, while France, though Catholic, aimed to weaken the Habsburgs and gain political advantage.
Compare the Spanish Inquisition and the English Reformation.
The Spanish Inquisition aimed to enforce religious uniformity through persecution, while the English Reformation resulted in the creation of a state-controlled church.
Compare the Edict of Nantes and the Peace of Augsburg.
The Edict of Nantes granted religious toleration within a single kingdom (France), while the Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose the religion of their territory.
Compare the causes of the Thirty Years' War and the French Wars of Religion.
The Thirty Years' War began as a religious conflict but evolved into a broader political struggle, while the French Wars of Religion were primarily driven by religious tensions and aristocratic power struggles.
Compare the impacts of the Peace of Westphalia and the Peace of Augsburg on the Holy Roman Empire.
Both weakened the Holy Roman Empire, but the Peace of Westphalia had a more significant impact by granting greater autonomy to individual states and ending the idea of a unified Christian Europe.
Compare Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Lutheranism and Calvinism were both Protestant denominations, but Calvinism had stricter views on predestination and a more structured church organization.
Compare Mary I and Elizabeth I of England.
Mary I tried to revert England back to Catholicism through harsh methods, earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary', while Elizabeth I established a more moderate Protestant Church of England.