Causes: Inspired by Luther's ideas, peasants sought social equality and religious freedom. Effects: The revolt was suppressed, reinforcing the power of the aristocracy and highlighting differing interpretations of religious ideas.

Causes: The spread of Protestantism and conflicts between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. Effects: German princes could choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism, weakening the Holy Roman Empire.

Causes: Religious tensions between Catholics and Huguenots in France. Effects: Intensified the French Wars of Religion and led to further polarization.

Causes: The French Wars of Religion and Henry IV's desire to restore peace. Effects: Granted religious freedom to Huguenots, ending the wars but also creating lasting tensions.

Causes: Religious and political tensions in Bohemia between Protestants and Catholics. Effects: Triggered the Thirty Years' War, a major European conflict.

Causes: The Thirty Years' War and the desire for a lasting peace in Europe. Effects: Recognized Calvinism, weakened the Holy Roman Empire, and established a new balance of power.

Causes: Henry VIII's desire for a divorce and to consolidate power. Effects: The creation of the Church of England and the English Reformation.

Causes: Desire for religious uniformity in Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella. Effects: Persecution, expulsion, and forced conversion of Muslims and Jews.

Causes: Charles V wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism. Effects: The Peace of Augsburg, which allowed rulers to choose the religion of their territory.

Causes: Religious differences between Catholics and Huguenots, political ambitions of nobles. Effects: Edict of Nantes, weakening of the monarchy, and significant loss of life.

A German theologian whose ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation and, indirectly, the German Peasants' War.

The Habsburg ruler of the Holy Roman Empire who opposed the spread of Protestantism and fought against the Schmalkaldic League.

King of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his rule and issued the Edict of Nantes, granting religious freedom to Huguenots.

Holy Roman Emperor whose policies in Bohemia triggered the Defenestration of Prague and the Thirty Years' War.

King of Sweden who intervened in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side, achieving significant military victories.

King of England who created the Church of England to obtain a divorce, initiating the English Reformation.

Queen of England who solidified the Church of England and navigated religious tensions during her reign.

Queen of England who briefly returned England to Catholicism, earning the nickname 'Bloody Mary'.

Chief minister of France who, despite being Catholic, supported the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War to weaken the Habsburgs.

Queen consort of France during the French Wars of Religion, known for her complex political maneuvering.

Whose realm, his religion; the principle that a ruler's religion determined the religion of their territory.

French Calvinists who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.

A decree issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting religious freedom to Huguenots.

The act of throwing Protestant representatives out of a window in Prague, triggering the Thirty Years' War.

A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and reshaped the political and religious map of Europe.

An organization under Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to eliminate Muslims and Jews, often through forced conversion or expulsion.

A series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

An alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to defend their religious and political interests against Charles V.

The acceptance of multiple religious beliefs within a society.

A treaty in 1555 that allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their states.