All Flashcards
Compare the German Peasants' War and the French Wars of Religion.
Both involved religious motivations but the Peasants' War was driven by social grievances while the French Wars of Religion were fueled by aristocratic and monarchical power struggles.
Compare the Peace of Augsburg and the Peace of Westphalia.
Both aimed to resolve religious conflicts, but Augsburg only recognized Lutheranism and Catholicism, while Westphalia also recognized Calvinism and further weakened the Holy Roman Empire.
Compare the roles of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I in the English Reformation.
Henry VIII initiated the Reformation for personal and political reasons, while Elizabeth I solidified the Church of England and established a more moderate religious policy.
Compare the motivations of France and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War.
Sweden intervened primarily to support the Protestant cause and expand its influence, while France, though Catholic, aimed to weaken the Habsburgs and gain political advantage.
Compare the Spanish Inquisition and the English Reformation.
The Spanish Inquisition aimed to enforce religious uniformity through persecution, while the English Reformation resulted in the creation of a state-controlled church.
Compare the Edict of Nantes and the Peace of Augsburg.
The Edict of Nantes granted religious toleration within a single kingdom (France), while the Peace of Augsburg allowed rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose the religion of their territory.
Compare the causes of the Thirty Years' War and the French Wars of Religion.
The Thirty Years' War began as a religious conflict but evolved into a broader political struggle, while the French Wars of Religion were primarily driven by religious tensions and aristocratic power struggles.
Compare the impacts of the Peace of Westphalia and the Peace of Augsburg on the Holy Roman Empire.
Both weakened the Holy Roman Empire, but the Peace of Westphalia had a more significant impact by granting greater autonomy to individual states and ending the idea of a unified Christian Europe.
Compare Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Lutheranism and Calvinism were both Protestant denominations, but Calvinism had stricter views on predestination and a more structured church organization.
Compare Mary I and Elizabeth I of England.
Mary I tried to revert England back to Catholicism through harsh methods, earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary', while Elizabeth I established a more moderate Protestant Church of England.
Who was Martin Luther?
A German theologian whose ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation and, indirectly, the German Peasants' War.
Who was Charles V?
The Habsburg ruler of the Holy Roman Empire who opposed the spread of Protestantism and fought against the Schmalkaldic League.
Who was Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)?
King of France who converted to Catholicism to secure his rule and issued the Edict of Nantes, granting religious freedom to Huguenots.
Who was Ferdinand II?
Holy Roman Emperor whose policies in Bohemia triggered the Defenestration of Prague and the Thirty Years' War.
Who was Gustavus Adolphus?
King of Sweden who intervened in the Thirty Years' War on the Protestant side, achieving significant military victories.
Who was Henry VIII?
King of England who created the Church of England to obtain a divorce, initiating the English Reformation.
Who was Elizabeth I?
Queen of England who solidified the Church of England and navigated religious tensions during her reign.
Who was Mary I?
Queen of England who briefly returned England to Catholicism, earning the nickname 'Bloody Mary'.
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
Chief minister of France who, despite being Catholic, supported the Protestant side in the Thirty Years' War to weaken the Habsburgs.
Who was Catherine de Medici?
Queen consort of France during the French Wars of Religion, known for her complex political maneuvering.
What is cuius regio, eius religio?
Whose realm, his religion; the principle that a ruler's religion determined the religion of their territory.
Define Huguenots.
French Calvinists who faced persecution during the French Wars of Religion.
What was the Edict of Nantes?
A decree issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting religious freedom to Huguenots.
What is the Defenestration of Prague?
The act of throwing Protestant representatives out of a window in Prague, triggering the Thirty Years' War.
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
A series of treaties in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and reshaped the political and religious map of Europe.
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
An organization under Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to eliminate Muslims and Jews, often through forced conversion or expulsion.
Define the English Reformation.
A series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
What was the Schmalkaldic League?
An alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire formed to defend their religious and political interests against Charles V.
What is religious pluralism?
The acceptance of multiple religious beliefs within a society.
Define the Peace of Augsburg.
A treaty in 1555 that allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their states.