Reformation
Why did Spanish King Philip II launch the Spanish Armada against England?
To directly support French Catholics during the French Religious Wars.
To challenge Dutch control of maritime trade routes in the North Sea.
To claim English territories overseas colonies in the New World.
To reassert Catholic hegemony by overthrowing the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.
How did England's Glorious Revolution affect its religious landscape?
George's acquisition of the English throne increased Catholic influence.
Parliament's establishment of Protestantism as the official state religion through acts of Toleration.
Oliver Cromwell restoring Puritan dominance in the post-restoration period.
James II recontrolling power leading to the recatholization of the nation.
Who was widely known for instituting the Edict of Nantes, which granted religious freedoms to the Huguenots in France?
Charles V
Henry IV
Elizabeth I
Philip II
Which monarch is associated with enforcing Catholicism during England's religious turmoil?
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Phillip II
Charles V
What major event led to England's religious transformation during the Wars of Religion?
The Council of Trent's counter-reformative measures
The establishment of Anglicanism by Henry VIII
Martin Luther's posting of his Ninety-Five Theses
The signing of the Edict of Nantes by Henry IV
Considering both primary sources like paintings from court artists and secondary historical analyses, how has historiography shaped our understanding of Philip II’s motives during his reign?
It consistently emphasizes his intentions for vast empire-building over all other considerations including matters of faith and governance.
It has universally dismissed his military campaigns as solely driven by personal vendettas unrelated to wider strategic goals or governance issues.
It reveals complexities beyond mere religious fervor, suggesting political consolidation and personal rule enforcement as key motives.
It consistently portrays him entirely as a zealot who sought only spiritual dominion through warfare without any political objectives.
What natural resource did Great Britain heavily rely on during the Industrial Revolution to power steam engines?
Timber
Water power
Iron ore
Coal

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In what way did Cardinal Richelieu's politique strategy during the Thirty Years' War represent a departure from strictly confessional politics?
Enforced the Divine Right theory more rigorously in domestic policy despite international alliances formed during war efforts.
Declared an absolute return to Catholic doctrine being used as justification for all foreign policy decisions by France.
Implemented mandatory conversion policies among conquered territories regardless of previous treaties recognizing religious freedoms.
Prioritized state interests over religious affiliations by allying with Protestant powers against Habsburg dominance.
What was a significant result of the Eighty Years' War?
Complete Catholic control over Netherlands
Independence of the Dutch Republic from Spain
Annexation of Netherlands by France
A shift in power from Habsburgs to Tudors
In what way did Cardinal Richelieu's policies during the Thirty Years' War reflect a shift from religious to secular concerns in statecraft?
He focused exclusively on spreading French Catholic missionary work throughout Europe.
He supported Protestant forces against Habsburg rule under political considerations for French national interest.
He sought Papal authority to lead a crusade against both Protestant and Muslim states.
He declared France an exclusively Catholic country without regard for political alliances.