Reformation
Which treaty ended most of the religious conflicts associated with the Wars of Religion?
Treaty of Versailles
Peace of Westphalia
Treaty of Tordesillas
Peace of Augsburg
Why did Spanish King Philip II launch the Spanish Armada against England?
To directly support French Catholics during the French Religious Wars.
To challenge Dutch control of maritime trade routes in the North Sea.
To claim English territories overseas colonies in the New World.
To reassert Catholic hegemony by overthrowing the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.
What if Gustavus Adolphus had not intervened in the Thirty Years' War; how might this affect future German territorial unity?
The Ottoman Empire could take advantage of European distractions extending their territory into Central Europe with lasting impact on German politics.
Absence of Swedish intervention may lead to prolonged Habsburg dominance contributing to delayed or altered formation of German unity under Prussian leadership later on.
Denmark-Norway might emerge as a leading Protestant power in northern Europe challenging German statesโ autonomy into late modernity.
English interference grows stronger leading to an Anglo-centric configuration of Northern European diplomatic relations affecting Germanyโs development trajectory drastically by early-modern period closure.
What major event led to England's religious transformation during the Wars of Religion?
The Council of Trent's counter-reformative measures
The establishment of Anglicanism by Henry VIII
Martin Luther's posting of his Ninety-Five Theses
The signing of the Edict of Nantes by Henry IV
Considering both primary sources like paintings from court artists and secondary historical analyses, how has historiography shaped our understanding of Philip IIโs motives during his reign?
It consistently emphasizes his intentions for vast empire-building over all other considerations including matters of faith and governance.
It has universally dismissed his military campaigns as solely driven by personal vendettas unrelated to wider strategic goals or governance issues.
It reveals complexities beyond mere religious fervor, suggesting political consolidation and personal rule enforcement as key motives.
It consistently portrays him entirely as a zealot who sought only spiritual dominion through warfare without any political objectives.
What military innovation most directly influenced the shift in power from feudal lords to centralized monarchies during the Wars of Religion?
Longbow and crossbow advancements.
Gunpowder weaponry.
Heavy cavalry armor.
Siege tower development.
Considering impact Glorious Revolution England William Mary establishment bill rights signify shift terms power distribution among British institutions?
Introduced formal separation powers concept checks balances modeled after American Constitution
Signaled reassertion Anglican Church dominance creation comprehensive tolerance act religion
Marked turning point limits imposed executive ensuring supremacy Parliament over Crown
Brought greater legal protections serfs landowning aristocracy against enclosures common lands

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How did England's Glorious Revolution affect its religious landscape?
George's acquisition of the English throne increased Catholic influence.
Parliament's establishment of Protestantism as the official state religion through acts of Toleration.
Oliver Cromwell restoring Puritan dominance in the post-restoration period.
James II recontrolling power leading to the recatholization of the nation.
What natural resource did Great Britain heavily rely on during the Industrial Revolution to power steam engines?
Timber
Water power
Iron ore
Coal
In what way did Cardinal Richelieu's politique strategy during the Thirty Years' War represent a departure from strictly confessional politics?
Enforced the Divine Right theory more rigorously in domestic policy despite international alliances formed during war efforts.
Declared an absolute return to Catholic doctrine being used as justification for all foreign policy decisions by France.
Implemented mandatory conversion policies among conquered territories regardless of previous treaties recognizing religious freedoms.
Prioritized state interests over religious affiliations by allying with Protestant powers against Habsburg dominance.