Compare Absolutism and Constitutionalism.
Absolutism: Monarch holds all power. Constitutionalism: Monarch shares power with a parliament. Both shaped European state development but with different power structures.
Compare the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution.
English Civil War: Violent conflict, led to the execution of Charles I. Glorious Revolution: Peaceful overthrow of James II, established constitutionalism.
Compare the putting-out system and the factory system.
Putting-out system: Home-based production. Factory system: Centralized production. The putting-out system preceded the factory system.
What happened during the English Civil War (1642)?
King Charles I clashed with Parliament over power-sharing, also involving religious and national identity conflicts. Parliament won and executed Charles.
What was the Glorious Revolution?
Parliamentary leaders invited James II's brother-in-law to invade and overthrow him, establishing constitutionalism in England without war.
What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia?
It shaped conflict and diplomacy by establishing the balance of power in Europe.
What was the impact of the introduction of potatoes in Europe?
Potatoes greatly increased food availability, contributing to population growth.
What were the consequences of the enclosure movement?
It boosted agricultural production but also forced people off the land, especially young women who moved into manufacturing.
What was the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
It generated huge profits for English and Dutch merchants and was crucial to the mercantilist system.
What was the putting-out system?
A system where families produced goods at home, like cloth, as part of a larger market economy.
What financial innovations arose from overseas trade?
New financial practices like insurance and institutions like banks and stock exchanges emerged.
What was the major concern regarding the balance of power?
France, under Louis XIV, was a major concern, leading to several wars to maintain the balance of power.
What was the impact of strong militaries?
Larger states became more powerful, while others declined or disappeared due to the expense of maintaining standing armies.
Who was Charles I of England?
King of England whose clashes with Parliament over power-sharing led to the English Civil War and his execution.
Who was James II?
King of England overthrown in the Glorious Revolution due to conflicts with Parliament.
Who was Louis XIV?
An absolutist monarch of France who limited the political influence of nobles and built a strong state.
Who was Peter the Great?
An absolutist monarch of Russia who modernized the nation to increase warfare and power.
Who were Philip II, III, and IV of Spain?
Popular absolute monarchs of Spain.
