Causes: Religious tensions, political rivalries. Effects: Political and religious chaos, increased military power for rulers, rise of absolutism.

Cause: Desire to legitimize absolute rule. Effect: Monarchs believed they were accountable only to God, consolidating their power.

Causes: Religious persecution and political oppression by the Spanish Habsburgs. Effects: Formation of the Dutch Republic, a major commercial power.

Cause: Louis XIV's desire for religious uniformity. Effects: Emigration of skilled Huguenots, weakening the French economy, and increased religious tensions.

Causes: Desire to modernize Russia and strengthen its military. Effects: Westernization of Russia, expansion of the Russian Empire, and increased state control.

Causes: Conflicts between Charles I and Parliament over power and religion. Effects: Execution of Charles I, establishment of the Commonwealth, and eventual restoration of the monarchy with limited powers.

Causes: Fear of Catholic absolutism under James II. Effects: Overthrow of James II, establishment of a constitutional monarchy with William and Mary, and the English Bill of Rights.

Causes: Succession crisis in Spain and the potential union of the French and Spanish thrones. Effects: Philip V became King of Spain, but the thrones were separated, and the balance of power in Europe was maintained.

Causes: Opposition to royal policies and attempts to limit royal power during Louis XIV's minority. Effects: Temporary weakening of the monarchy and a lasting impact on Louis XIV's approach to governance.

Causes: Russia's desire for access to the Baltic Sea and to challenge Swedish dominance. Effects: Russia gained control of the Baltic territories, became a major European power, and established St. Petersburg as its capital.

Both consolidated power through centralizing administration and controlling the nobility, but their methods differed due to unique contexts. Louis XIV used Versailles, while Peter the Great used the Table of Ranks.

Both were conflicts that challenged royal authority, but the English Civil War resulted in the execution of the monarch, while the Fronde led to a temporary weakening of the monarchy.

Both France and England used mercantilist policies to increase national wealth and power, but their approaches and specific industries they supported differed based on their respective economic strengths.

The Thirty Years' War led to the fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of sovereign states, while the War of the Spanish Succession aimed to maintain the balance of power in Europe and prevent French dominance.

In France, Louis XIV controlled nobles through court life at Versailles, while in Russia, Peter the Great used the Table of Ranks to integrate nobles into state service.

Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes to enforce religious uniformity, while Peter the Great brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control.

The Dutch Revolt was caused by religious persecution and political oppression by the Spanish Habsburgs, while the Defenestration of Prague was sparked by Czech resistance to Habsburg rule.

The English Civil War led to the temporary abolition of the monarchy, while the Glorious Revolution resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Louis XIV created a standing army and standardized military practices, while Peter the Great modernized the Russian army and navy based on Western models.

Colbert implemented mercantilist policies to strengthen the French economy, while Peter the Great focused on industrial development and state-controlled trade.

Consolidation of sovereign power into a single ruler or monarch.

The supreme authority of a monarch within their territory, free from external interference.

The theory that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.

Royal officials used by absolute monarchs, such as Louis XIV, to administer provinces and enforce royal decrees.

A system implemented by Peter the Great in Russia to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility based on merit and service.

A distribution of power among several states such that no single state can dominate or interfere with the interests of another.

An economic theory that promotes governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers.

A permanent, professional army maintained even in peacetime, allowing for quicker mobilization and greater military power.

The process by which power is concentrated in a single authority or entity, especially a government.

An official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority.