All Flashcards
Define Absolutism.
A political system where a single ruler holds supreme authority, unconstrained by laws or institutions.
What is Constitutionalism?
A system of government in which power is distributed and limited by a constitution.
Define Divine Right.
The belief that a monarch's authority comes directly from God.
What is Mercantilism?
An economic policy emphasizing state control of trade and accumulation of wealth.
What is Capitalism?
An economic system based on private ownership, free markets, and profit motive.
Define Social Hierarchy.
A system in which individuals are ranked into different social strata.
What is Egalitarian Society?
A society characterized by equality and minimal social hierarchies.
Define Representative Government.
A system where elected officials represent the people.
What are Checks and Balances?
A system where different branches of government limit each other's power.
Define Natural Rights.
Rights inherent to all humans, such as life, liberty, and property.
Causes and effects of Divine Right?
Cause: Belief that God chose the monarch. Effect: Justification for absolute rule.
Causes and effects of the Glorious Revolution?
Cause: Fear of Catholic absolutism under James II. Effect: Establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
Causes and effects of Mercantilism?
Cause: Desire for national wealth and power. Effect: State control of trade and high tariffs.
Causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Cause: Emphasis on reason and individual rights. Effect: Influence on constitutionalism and revolution.
Causes and effects of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes?
Cause: Louis XIV's desire for religious uniformity. Effect: Huguenot emigration and economic damage.
Causes and effects of the English Civil War?
Cause: Conflicts between the monarchy and Parliament. Effect: Temporary republic and eventual constitutional monarchy.
Causes and effects of the rise of Capitalism?
Cause: Emphasis on individual rights and free markets. Effect: Economic growth and global trade expansion.
Causes and effects of the Peace of Westphalia?
Cause: End of the Thirty Years' War. Effect: Establishment of the modern state system and religious toleration.
Causes and effects of the Fronde?
Cause: Opposition to centralized power under Louis XIV. Effect: Strengthening of royal authority.
Causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?
Cause: New discoveries and emphasis on empirical observation. Effect: Challenged traditional authority and led to the Enlightenment.
Who was Louis XIV?
The absolute monarch of France, known as the 'Sun King'.
Who was Philip II of Spain?
A Spanish king known for religious and political absolutism.
Who was John Locke?
An Enlightenment philosopher who influenced constitutional government and individual rights.
Who was William of Orange?
Led the Glorious Revolution and established a constitutional monarchy in England.
Who was Adam Smith?
A Scottish economist who advocated for free markets and limited government intervention.
Who was Montesquieu?
An Enlightenment thinker who advocated for the separation of powers.
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
Chief minister of France who centralized power under Louis XIII.
Who was Jean-Baptiste Colbert?
Louis XIV's finance minister who implemented mercantilist policies.
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
The Lord Protector of England who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War.
Who was Frederick the Great?
The King of Prussia known for his military successes and enlightened absolutism.