All Flashcards
What is the Enlightenment?
18th-century movement emphasizing reason, science, and individualism.
Define 'tabula rasa'.
Blank slate; John Locke's idea that humans are born without innate knowledge.
What are natural rights?
Inherent rights that cannot be taken away, such as life, liberty, and property (Locke).
What is 'laissez-faire' economics?
Economic system with minimal government intervention (Adam Smith).
Define 'separation of powers'.
Dividing governmental power among different branches (Montesquieu).
What is a 'social contract'?
Agreement where individuals give up some freedom for order (Rousseau).
What is 'deism'?
Belief in God as a creator who does not interfere in daily life (Voltaire).
What is 'skepticism'?
Challenging traditional doctrines by demanding proof and questioning understanding.
Define 'individualism'.
Emphasizing the importance and rights of the individual.
What is 'capitalism'?
Economic system guided by supply, demand, and competition.
What were the causes and effects of Enlightenment emphasis on reason?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, questioning of traditional authority. Effects: New political theories, religious skepticism.
What were the causes and effects of Locke's concept of natural rights?
Causes: Belief in inherent human rights. Effects: Influenced American and French Revolutions.
What were the causes and effects of Montesquieu's separation of powers?
Causes: Desire to prevent tyranny. Effects: Adoption in constitutional governments.
What were the causes and effects of Wollstonecraft's advocacy for women's rights?
Causes: Belief in equality. Effects: Foundation for early feminist movements.
What were the causes and effects of Adam Smith's laissez-faire economics?
Causes: Opposition to government regulation. Effects: Rise of capitalism.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment's challenge to traditional religious doctrines?
Causes: Emphasis on reason and skepticism. Effects: Rise of deism and religious skepticism.
What were the causes and effects of Diderot's Encyclopédie?
Causes: Desire to spread knowledge. Effects: Wider dissemination of Enlightenment ideas.
What were the causes and effects of Rousseau's social contract theory?
Causes: Belief that society corrupts individuals. Effects: Fueled revolutionary movements.
What were the causes and effects of increased literacy during the Enlightenment?
Causes: Printing press, growing middle class. Effects: Spread of new ideas, increased political awareness.
What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment?
Causes: New discoveries, emphasis on empirical observation. Effects: Inspired Enlightenment thinkers to apply reason to society and politics.
Who was Thomas Hobbes?
English philosopher who believed humans are selfish and need a strong government.
Who was John Locke?
Enlightenment thinker who advocated for natural rights and constitutional monarchy.
Who was Voltaire?
Advocate for religious tolerance and freedom of thought.
Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?
Believed society corrupts individuals and advocated for a social contract.
Who was Baron de Montesquieu?
Advocated for separation of powers and checks and balances in government.
Who was Denis Diderot?
Compiler of the Encyclopédie to spread Enlightenment ideas.
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
Early feminist who argued for equal rights and education for women.
Who was Adam Smith?
Advocate for laissez-faire economics and the free market.
Who was David Hume?
Scottish philosopher known for his religious skepticism.
Who was Immanuel Kant?
German philosopher who questioned the limits of human understanding.