All Flashcards
What is the Enlightenment?
18th-century movement emphasizing reason, science, and individualism.
Define 'tabula rasa'.
Blank slate; John Locke's idea that humans are born without innate knowledge.
What are natural rights?
Inherent rights that cannot be taken away, such as life, liberty, and property (Locke).
What is 'laissez-faire' economics?
Economic system with minimal government intervention (Adam Smith).
Define 'separation of powers'.
Dividing governmental power among different branches (Montesquieu).
What is a 'social contract'?
Agreement where individuals give up some freedom for order (Rousseau).
What is 'deism'?
Belief in God as a creator who does not interfere in daily life (Voltaire).
What is 'skepticism'?
Challenging traditional doctrines by demanding proof and questioning understanding.
Define 'individualism'.
Emphasizing the importance and rights of the individual.
What is 'capitalism'?
Economic system guided by supply, demand, and competition.
Compare Hobbes' and Locke's views on human nature.
Hobbes believed humans are selfish; Locke believed they are born with a blank slate.
Compare Locke's and Rousseau's views on government.
Locke favored constitutional monarchy; Rousseau favored a social contract where people reluctantly agree to maintain order.
Compare Voltaire's and Rousseau's views on society.
Voltaire advocated for religious tolerance and freedom of thought; Rousseau believed society corrupts individuals.
Compare Montesquieu's and Rousseau's views on government structure.
Montesquieu advocated for separation of powers; Rousseau emphasized the general will of the people.
Compare Wollstonecraft's views with Rousseau's views on women.
Wollstonecraft advocated for equal rights; Rousseau believed women were suited for domestic duties.
Compare deism and traditional religion.
Deism believes in a creator who doesn't interfere; traditional religion involves active intervention.
Compare mercantilism and laissez-faire economics.
Mercantilism involves government regulation; laissez-faire advocates for minimal intervention.
Compare the Enlightenment and the Renaissance.
The Renaissance focused on reviving classical art and literature; the Enlightenment emphasized reason and individualism.
Compare the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
The Scientific Revolution focused on empirical observation and scientific discoveries; the Enlightenment applied reason to society and politics.
Compare the views of Locke and Hobbes on the role of government.
Locke believed the government should protect natural rights; Hobbes believed the government should maintain order through absolute power.
What were the causes and effects of Enlightenment emphasis on reason?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, questioning of traditional authority. Effects: New political theories, religious skepticism.
What were the causes and effects of Locke's concept of natural rights?
Causes: Belief in inherent human rights. Effects: Influenced American and French Revolutions.
What were the causes and effects of Montesquieu's separation of powers?
Causes: Desire to prevent tyranny. Effects: Adoption in constitutional governments.
What were the causes and effects of Wollstonecraft's advocacy for women's rights?
Causes: Belief in equality. Effects: Foundation for early feminist movements.
What were the causes and effects of Adam Smith's laissez-faire economics?
Causes: Opposition to government regulation. Effects: Rise of capitalism.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment's challenge to traditional religious doctrines?
Causes: Emphasis on reason and skepticism. Effects: Rise of deism and religious skepticism.
What were the causes and effects of Diderot's Encyclopédie?
Causes: Desire to spread knowledge. Effects: Wider dissemination of Enlightenment ideas.
What were the causes and effects of Rousseau's social contract theory?
Causes: Belief that society corrupts individuals. Effects: Fueled revolutionary movements.
What were the causes and effects of increased literacy during the Enlightenment?
Causes: Printing press, growing middle class. Effects: Spread of new ideas, increased political awareness.
What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment?
Causes: New discoveries, emphasis on empirical observation. Effects: Inspired Enlightenment thinkers to apply reason to society and politics.