Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
Who wrote 'Two Treatises on Government' promoting life, liberty and property rights?
Rene Descartes
Denis Diderot
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
Which book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau argues for direct democracy where people express their own laws?
Leviathan
Second Treatise of Government
Candide
The Social Contract
Which book by Voltaire was significant in propagating enlightenment ideas?
"Paradise Lost"
"Candide"
"The Prince"
"Pilgrim's Progress"
In what way did Voltaire's writings exemplify an influential shift in thinking about religion during the Enlightenment?
His works supported mysticism as an alternative path towards understanding nature and God’s will beyond rational inquiry.
He championed deism, promoting a belief in reason and ethics over adherence to organized religious dogma.
He defended Catholic doctrine as an essential foundation for moral behavior in society against secular arguments.
Despite his critical stance on church abuses, he ultimately endorsed papal infallibility based on historical precedents.
What was an outcome of Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" on late Enlightenment thought?
Advocated absolute monarchy by underpinning its legitimacy with rationalist arguments.
Challenged reason’s ability to understand metaphysical concepts without empirical evidence.
Discouraged further scientific exploration by claiming all substantial knowledge was already discovered.
Reinforced faith-based explanations over rational inquiry into human existence.
Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the phrase "I think, therefore I am" and the concept of dualism?
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
René Descartes
Immanuel Kant
What role did the Edict of Nantes play in shaping French national identity in terms of religious tolerance?
It granted limited freedoms to Huguenots, marking a move towards religious pluralism within France.
It declared Roman Catholicism illegal, which unified France under Enlightenment ideas about freedom.
It completely separated church and state, establishing secularism as a core tenet of French identity.
It marked the beginning of Protestant dominance over Catholicism within France's political hierarchy.

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How did Mary Wollstonecraft's "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" challenge pre-existing socioeconomic conventions in Revolutionary France?
Proposing labor equality questioned workplace norms rather than focusing primarily on educational opportunities.
By arguing that women should have equal rights to education, it posed a fundamental challenge to gender norms within society.
Advocating for female political leadership contested royal succession practices without addressing systemic societal issues.
Claiming property ownership rights for women pushed against feudal traditions but wasn't directly related to educational reforms.
What factor most directly facilitated spread of enlightenment thought across Europe, despite efforts by authoritative regimes to suppress it?
Printing presses eased mass production of books and pamphlets, enabling rapid dissemination of subversive material.
Liberal education reforms in universities promoted tenets of enlightenment philosophy within academic curriculums.
The clandestine nature of salon meetings allowed ideas to proliferate without interference from outside observers.
Strong patronage networks ensured uninterrupted financial support for radical writers even under scrutiny.
How did the impact of the Enlightenment era change the narrative regarding international relations between European states?
It caused a sharp decline in diplomatic interactions, leading to more isolationist policies.
It made military conquests and territorial expansionism prominent aspects of diplomacy due to competition over 'enlightened' status.
It resulted in a renewed focus on religious alliances as a counter-reaction against secular enlightenment values.
It shifted diplomacy towards treaties based on shared philosophical ideas and respect for sovereignty.