Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments
What was an outcome of Immanuel Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason" on late Enlightenment thought?
Advocated absolute monarchy by underpinning its legitimacy with rationalist arguments.
Challenged reason’s ability to understand metaphysical concepts without empirical evidence.
Discouraged further scientific exploration by claiming all substantial knowledge was already discovered.
Reinforced faith-based explanations over rational inquiry into human existence.
Which philosopher authored "The Social Contract"?
Immanuel Kant
Mary Wollstonecraft
Thomas Hobbes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Which social group was primarily targeted by Voltaire's criticism during the Age of Enlightenment?
Clergy
Aristocracy
Peasantry
Middle classes
How did the Peace of Westphalia (1648) influence the concept of state sovereignty in relation to religious authority?
It led to the widespread adoption of Calvinism as a state religion, diminishing traditional sovereignties.
It mandated that all European monarchies adopt Eastern Orthodox Christianity to unify their identities.
It enforced Catholicism as the sole religion across Europe, strengthening papal authority.
It established a precedent for national self-determination independent of religious considerations.
Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the idea of the "invisible hand" in economics?
John Locke
David Hume
Adam Smith
Denis Diderot
Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the phrase "I think, therefore I am" and the concept of dualism?
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
René Descartes
Immanuel Kant
How did the scientific discoveries during the Enlightenment contribute to changes in religious beliefs among Europeans?
They disproved all religious doctrines of that time.
They caused mass conversion to atheism.
They led to the formation of a new religion based on science.
They provided alternative explanations for natural phenomena previously attributed to divine intervention.

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Who is recognized as the chief figure of the Enlightenment?
Martin Luther
Voltaire
Christopher Columbus
Galileo Galilei
Which Enlightenment era philosopher's ideas most strongly influenced the French Revolution?
Thomas Hobbes
Baruch Spinoza
René Descartes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Who wrote 'Two Treatises on Government' promoting life, liberty and property rights?
Rene Descartes
Denis Diderot
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
John Locke