Freedom from arbitrary or despotic control; the power to exercise rights.

The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

A sense of common brotherhood and mutual support among people.

A period of extreme violence and fear during the French Revolution, marked by mass executions.

A political philosophy emphasizing tradition, established institutions, and gradual change.

A sudden and drastic departure from established customs, beliefs, or practices.

Obligations or responsibilities that individuals owe to society, the government, or other individuals.

Moral or legal entitlements that individuals possess, protecting them from certain actions or ensuring certain freedoms.

A form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Both were inspired by Enlightenment ideals, but the French Revolution aimed to overthrow a monarchy while the Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt against colonial masters.

Revolutionaries emphasized liberty, equality, and fraternity, while Burke stressed tradition, order, and duties over rights.

The French Revolution was caused by social inequality and economic crisis, while the Haitian Revolution was sparked by the desire for freedom from slavery and colonial rule.

The French Revolution led to a republic and later the Napoleonic Empire, while the Haitian Revolution resulted in the first black republic in the world.

Revolutionaries emphasized individual rights as paramount, while conservatives like Burke stressed the importance of duties and responsibilities alongside rights.

Both were inspired by Enlightenment ideals, but the American Revolution was primarily a colonial revolt against British rule, while the French Revolution was a social and political upheaval within France.

Both sought freedom and equality, but L'Ouverture focused on liberating enslaved people, while the French revolutionaries aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a more just society.

Both revolutions involved significant violence, but the Haitian Revolution was characterized by a brutal slave revolt, while the French Revolution saw violence from both revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries.

European monarchies feared the spread of revolutionary ideas from both revolutions, but the Haitian Revolution also raised concerns about the potential for slave revolts in their own colonies.

The French Revolution led to political and social reforms in Europe, while the Haitian Revolution inspired abolitionist movements and challenged colonialism.

Causes: Print media, art, and intellectuals amplified revolutionary messages. Effects: Inspired social and political movements, including the Haitian Revolution.

Causes: Radical factions vying for power. Effects: Extreme violence, mass executions, and widespread fear.

Causes: Monarchies feared the spread of revolutionary ideas. Effects: Alliances formed to contain revolution and defend monarchical power; solidified conservative thought.

Causes: Enlightenment ideals, French Revolution, and the desire for freedom by enslaved people. Effects: Haiti became the first black republic and inspired other movements for liberation.

Causes: Burke's belief in tradition and order. Effects: Solidified conservative opposition to the revolution and influenced conservative thought in Europe.

Causes: Revolutionary ideals focusing on individual freedoms. Effects: Criticized by conservatives like Burke, who believed it led to chaos and neglect of social responsibilities.

Causes: The enslaved population's need to fight a larger, better-equipped French force. Effects: Prolonged the revolution, inflicted heavy casualties on the French, and ultimately contributed to Haiti's independence.

Causes: Internal power struggles and external threats. Effects: Undermined the revolution's ideals, led to the Reign of Terror, and provoked conservative backlash.

Causes: Fear of revolutionary ideas spreading and threatening monarchical power. Effects: Wars and conflicts aimed at containing the revolution and restoring traditional order.

Causes: Intellectuals questioned traditional authority and emphasized reason and individual rights. Effects: Inspired revolutions, reforms, and new ways of thinking about government and society.