All Flashcards
Define Coup d'état.
A sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.
What is the Concordat of 1801?
Agreement between Napoleon and the Catholic Church, recognizing Catholicism as the official religion but giving the state control over appointments.
Define Napoleonic Code.
A comprehensive system of laws established by Napoleon that guaranteed equality before the law and protected property rights.
What is conscription?
Mandatory military service, introduced by Napoleon to create a larger and more efficient army.
What was the Continental System?
Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to weaken Britain's economy.
What is censorship?
The suppression or prohibition of speech or writing that is critical of the government.
Define abdication.
The act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority.
What was the Bourbon Restoration?
The period after Napoleon's first abdication when the Bourbon monarchy was restored in France under King Louis XVIII.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A conference of European powers that redrew the political boundaries of Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
Define nationalism.
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.
Who was Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes?
Helped Napoleon stage a coup d'état, leading to Napoleon becoming First Consul.
Who was Joseph Fouché?
Napoleon's head of secret police, responsible for suppressing political dissent.
Who was King Louis XVIII?
Restored to the French throne after Napoleon's first abdication.
Who was Duke of Wellington?
The commander of the allied forces that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.
Who was Tsar Alexander I?
The Russian Tsar who initially allied with Napoleon but later led the opposition against him.
Who was Klemens von Metternich?
The Austrian foreign minister who played a key role in the Congress of Vienna.
Who was Horatio Nelson?
British admiral who defeated Napoleon's fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar.
Who was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand?
French diplomat who represented France at the Congress of Vienna.
Who was Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher?
Prussian general who helped defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.
Who was Pope Pius VII?
Signed the Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon, reconciling the Catholic Church with the French state.
What were the causes and effects of Napoleon's early military successes?
Causes: Military talent, revolutionary fervor in the army. Effects: Increased popularity, rise to power, and territorial expansion.
What were the causes and effects of the Napoleonic Code?
Causes: Napoleon's desire for legal reform and centralized control. Effects: Equality before the law, protection of property rights, and influence on legal systems across Europe.
What were the causes and effects of the Continental System?
Causes: Napoleon's attempt to weaken Britain's economy. Effects: Economic hardship in Europe, resentment towards French rule, and ultimately failure to cripple Britain.
What were the causes and effects of the Invasion of Russia (1812)?
Causes: Tsar Alexander I withdrew from the Continental System. Effects: Decimation of the Grand Army, weakening of Napoleon's empire, and a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.
What were the causes and effects of the Battle of Waterloo?
Causes: Napoleon's escape from Elba and attempt to regain power. Effects: Napoleon's final defeat, second abdication, and exile to St. Helena.
What were the causes and effects of the Congress of Vienna?
Causes: The defeat of Napoleon and the need to restore order in Europe. Effects: Redrawing of political boundaries, restoration of monarchies, and a period of relative peace in Europe.
What were the causes and effects of Napoleon's censorship and secret police?
Causes: Napoleon's desire to maintain control and suppress dissent. Effects: Limited freedom of speech, suppression of political opposition, and an authoritarian regime.
What were the causes and effects of the Peninsular War?
Causes: Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal. Effects: Drain on French resources, rise of Spanish nationalism, and contributed to Napoleon's weakening.
What were the causes and effects of Napoleon's military reforms?
Causes: Napoleon's desire to create a more efficient and effective army. Effects: Increased military success, territorial expansion, and the spread of revolutionary ideals.
What were the causes and effects of the Thermidorian Reaction?
Causes: Dissatisfaction with the Reign of Terror. Effects: Napoleon gained fame by quelling a royalist revolt.