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When was Napoleon's coup d'état?
1799. It led to Napoleon becoming First Consul.
What was the significance of the Concordat of 1801?
Reconciled the Catholic Church with the French state, but gave the state control over church appointments.
What was the impact of the Napoleonic Code?
Established equality before the law, separated church and state, and guaranteed civil liberties across the French Empire.
When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor?
1804. Signaled his imperial ambitions and shift towards authoritarian rule.
What was the significance of the Invasion of Russia (1812)?
A disastrous campaign that decimated Napoleon's Grand Army, marking a major turning point in his reign.
What was the War of the Sixth Coalition?
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain united against Napoleon, leading to his abdication in 1814.
What happened during Napoleon's first exile?
Napoleon was exiled to Elba, and the Bourbon monarchy was restored under King Louis XVIII.
What were the Hundred Days?
Napoleon's brief return to power after escaping from Elba, before his final defeat.
What was the significance of the Battle of Waterloo (1815)?
Napoleon's final defeat, leading to his second abdication and exile to St. Helena.
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
Redrew the political boundaries of Europe and restored pre-revolutionary monarchies, weakening France.
Who was Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes?
Helped Napoleon stage a coup d'état, leading to Napoleon becoming First Consul.
Who was Joseph Fouché?
Napoleon's head of secret police, responsible for suppressing political dissent.
Who was King Louis XVIII?
Restored to the French throne after Napoleon's first abdication.
Who was Duke of Wellington?
The commander of the allied forces that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.
Who was Tsar Alexander I?
The Russian Tsar who initially allied with Napoleon but later led the opposition against him.
Who was Klemens von Metternich?
The Austrian foreign minister who played a key role in the Congress of Vienna.
Who was Horatio Nelson?
British admiral who defeated Napoleon's fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar.
Who was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand?
French diplomat who represented France at the Congress of Vienna.
Who was Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher?
Prussian general who helped defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.
Who was Pope Pius VII?
Signed the Concordat of 1801 with Napoleon, reconciling the Catholic Church with the French state.
What were the causes and effects of Napoleon's early military successes?
Causes: Military talent, revolutionary fervor in the army. Effects: Increased popularity, rise to power, and territorial expansion.
What were the causes and effects of the Napoleonic Code?
Causes: Napoleon's desire for legal reform and centralized control. Effects: Equality before the law, protection of property rights, and influence on legal systems across Europe.
What were the causes and effects of the Continental System?
Causes: Napoleon's attempt to weaken Britain's economy. Effects: Economic hardship in Europe, resentment towards French rule, and ultimately failure to cripple Britain.
What were the causes and effects of the Invasion of Russia (1812)?
Causes: Tsar Alexander I withdrew from the Continental System. Effects: Decimation of the Grand Army, weakening of Napoleon's empire, and a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.
What were the causes and effects of the Battle of Waterloo?
Causes: Napoleon's escape from Elba and attempt to regain power. Effects: Napoleon's final defeat, second abdication, and exile to St. Helena.
What were the causes and effects of the Congress of Vienna?
Causes: The defeat of Napoleon and the need to restore order in Europe. Effects: Redrawing of political boundaries, restoration of monarchies, and a period of relative peace in Europe.
What were the causes and effects of Napoleon's censorship and secret police?
Causes: Napoleon's desire to maintain control and suppress dissent. Effects: Limited freedom of speech, suppression of political opposition, and an authoritarian regime.
What were the causes and effects of the Peninsular War?
Causes: Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal. Effects: Drain on French resources, rise of Spanish nationalism, and contributed to Napoleon's weakening.
What were the causes and effects of Napoleon's military reforms?
Causes: Napoleon's desire to create a more efficient and effective army. Effects: Increased military success, territorial expansion, and the spread of revolutionary ideals.
What were the causes and effects of the Thermidorian Reaction?
Causes: Dissatisfaction with the Reign of Terror. Effects: Napoleon gained fame by quelling a royalist revolt.