All Flashcards
Who was Adam Smith?
An economist who advocated for free markets in The Wealth of Nations, influencing the Industrial Revolution.
Who was Thomas Newcomen?
Inventor of the steam engine, which powered railroads and factories.
Who was Eli Whitney?
Inventor of the cotton gin, which allowed cotton to be more efficiently removed from the seed.
Who was James Hargreaves?
Inventor of the Spinning Jenny, which allowed for cotton to be spun faster and into better quality cloth.
Who was Edmund Cartwright?
Inventor of the Power Loom, which sped up the weaving process of textiles.
What is Capitalism?
An economic system driven by supply and demand, private investors, and free markets, with minimal government control.
What were the Enclosure Acts?
Laws that consolidated land ownership in Britain, pushing peasants off their land and creating a surplus of labor.
What is Malthus' Theory of Population?
The theory that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, leading to potential resource scarcity.
What were the Corn Laws?
Grain import/export regulations in Britain that were eventually repealed to please industrialists and urban workers.
What was the cottage system?
A system of textile production where work was done in people's homes, disrupted by industrialization.
Who were the Luddites?
Textile workers who protested industrialization by attacking factories and machinery, fearing job losses.
What is serfdom?
A system where peasants are bound to the land and controlled by landowners, hindering industrialization in countries like Russia and Italy.
What does 'urbanization' refer to?
The process of people moving from rural areas to cities, often due to industrial job opportunities.
What does 'agrarian' mean?
Relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land.
What was the 'Hungry 40s'?
A period of severe food shortages and economic hardship in Britain during the 1840s.
Compare industrialization in Britain and France.
Britain: Rapid industrialization, driven by private initiative. France: Slower, more cautious industrialization with government support, avoiding disruption of traditional methods.
Compare industrialization in Western and Eastern Europe.
Western Europe: Industrialized, good geography, government support, more money, power held by factory owners. Eastern Europe: Not industrialized, bad geography, lack of government support, serfdom, power held by landowners.
Compare the lives of the middle class and working class during industrialization.
Middle class: Enjoyed improved living standards and access to luxury goods. Working class: Faced harsh living and working conditions, low wages, and exploitation.
Compare the government support of Britain and Russia during industrialization.
Britain: Invested in innovation, transportation, and repealed the Corn Laws. Russia: Lacked government support.
Compare the level of industrialization of Italy and Russia.
Italy and Russia: Failed to industrialize due to serfdom and lack of government support.
Compare the level of industrialization of Britain and Italy.
Britain: Industrialized due to natural resources and government support. Italy: Failed to industrialize due to serfdom and lack of government support.
Compare the level of industrialization of Britain and Russia.
Britain: Industrialized due to natural resources and government support. Russia: Failed to industrialize due to serfdom and lack of government support.
Compare the level of industrialization of France and Italy.
France: Followed Britain's lead due to natural resources and government support. Italy: Failed to industrialize due to serfdom and lack of government support.
Compare the level of industrialization of France and Russia.
France: Followed Britain's lead due to natural resources and government support. Russia: Failed to industrialize due to serfdom and lack of government support.
Compare the level of industrialization of Britain and France.
Britain: Rapid industrialization, driven by private initiative. France: Slower, more cautious industrialization with government support, avoiding disruption of traditional methods.