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What were the causes and effects of the Crimean War?
Causes: Russia wanted control over Christian holy sites. Effects: Weakened the Concert of Europe, created opportunities for Italian and German unification.
What were the causes and effects of the Austro-Prussian War?
Causes: Bismarck's desire to exclude Austria from German affairs. Effects: Prussia dominated the North German Confederation, Austria weakened.
What were the causes and effects of the Franco-Prussian War?
Causes: Bismarck manipulated France into declaring war. Effects: German unification, French humiliation, cession of Alsace and Lorraine.
What were the causes and effects of Italian Unification?
Causes: Nationalism, leadership of Cavour and Garibaldi. Effects: Creation of a unified Italian state, altered European power dynamics.
What were the causes and effects of German Unification?
Causes: Nationalism, Bismarck's Realpolitik. Effects: Creation of a powerful German Empire, shifted the balance of power in Europe.
What were the causes and effects of the Danish War?
Causes: Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein. Effects: Prussia gained territory and increased its influence in Northern Germany.
What were the causes and effects of the First Balkan War?
Causes: Balkan states sought to expel the Ottoman Empire. Effects: Ottoman Empire lost territory in the Balkans, increased regional tensions.
What were the causes and effects of the Second Balkan War?
Causes: Disputes over the division of territory after the First Balkan War. Effects: Further destabilization of the Balkans, contributing to WWI tensions.
What were the causes and effects of the Compromise of 1867?
Causes: Hungarian desire for greater autonomy within the Austrian Empire. Effects: Creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Nationalism in the 19th century?
Causes: Enlightenment ideas, Romanticism, desire for self-determination. Effects: Unification of Italy and Germany, weakening of multinational empires, increased international tensions.
What was the Crimean War?
A conflict (1853-1856) in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire. It weakened the Concert of Europe.
What was the Danish War (1864)?
Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark, leading to the creation of the North German Confederation under Prussian control.
What was the Austro-Prussian War (1866)?
Prussia defeated Austria, resulting in Austria's exclusion from German affairs and further consolidating Prussian power.
What was the Franco-Prussian War (1870)?
Prussia defeated France, leading to the unification of Germany and the creation of the German Empire. France ceded Alsace and Lorraine.
What was the First Balkan War (1912-1913)?
Balkan states pushed the Ottoman Empire out of the region, leading to greater independence for Balkan nations.
What was the Second Balkan War (1913)?
Fights among Balkan states over territory, increasing tensions and contributing to the causes of World War I.
What was the Unification of Italy (1871)?
The process by which the Italian peninsula was politically and socially consolidated into a single state.
What was the Unification of Germany (1871)?
The process by which numerous independent German states were unified into a single German Empire.
What was the significance of the taking of Rome?
Rome was annexed by Italy in 1870 after French troops withdrew during the Franco-Prussian War, completing Italian unification.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian War?
France was humiliated by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War. They had to sign the treaty in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
What is the Concert of Europe?
An agreement intended to maintain peace and the balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
Define Nationalism.
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, often including a desire for political independence.
What is Realpolitik?
A political philosophy focused on practical considerations and national interest rather than ideology or ethics.
Define Zollverein.
The economic union of German states in the 19th century, promoting trade and economic cooperation.
What was Young Italy?
A political movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to promote Italian unification through inspiring the youth.
What were the Red Shirts?
A volunteer army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during the unification process.
What is the Dual Monarchy?
The compromise of 1867, which created Austria-Hungary, giving Hungary more autonomy.
What is meant by 'balance of power'?
A distribution of power among nations so that no single state can dominate or interfere with the interests of others.
Define 'nation-state'.
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
Define 'Compromise of 1867'.
Also known as the Ausgleich, created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Gave Hungary considerable autonomy.