All Flashcards
Compare Italian and German unification.
Both driven by nationalism but Italy relied on foreign assistance and had regional divisions, while Germany was led by Prussia's military strength and Realpolitik.
Compare Cavour and Bismarck.
Both were pragmatic leaders who used diplomacy and strategic alliances to achieve unification, but Cavour had to navigate greater foreign influence.
Compare the Crimean War and the Franco-Prussian War.
Crimean War weakened the Concert of Europe, while the Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of a new European power (Germany) and altered the balance of power.
Compare the First and Second Balkan Wars.
The First Balkan War saw Balkan states united against the Ottomans, while the Second Balkan War involved infighting among the Balkan states themselves.
Compare the roles of Mazzini and Garibaldi in Italian unification.
Mazzini provided the ideological inspiration for unification, while Garibaldi provided the military force to achieve it.
Compare the outcomes for Austria after the Austro-Prussian War and the Compromise of 1867.
The Austro-Prussian War excluded Austria from German affairs, while the Compromise of 1867 allowed Austria to maintain power by sharing it with Hungary.
Compare the impact of nationalism on Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.
Nationalism weakened both empires, but Austria-Hungary attempted to accommodate it through the Dual Monarchy, while the Ottoman Empire faced outright secession.
Compare the long-term consequences of the Franco-Prussian War for France and Germany.
France experienced lasting resentment and a desire for revenge, while Germany became a dominant power, leading to increased tension in Europe.
Compare the roles of Piedmont-Sardinia and Prussia in their respective unification processes.
Piedmont-Sardinia served as the base for Italian unification, using diplomacy and military action, while Prussia used military might and Realpolitik to unify Germany.
Compare the goals of the Concert of Europe before and after the Crimean War.
Before, the Concert of Europe aimed to maintain the status quo and prevent major conflicts. After, it was significantly weakened and less effective due to rising nationalism and shifting alliances.
What were the causes and effects of the Crimean War?
Causes: Russia wanted control over Christian holy sites. Effects: Weakened the Concert of Europe, created opportunities for Italian and German unification.
What were the causes and effects of the Austro-Prussian War?
Causes: Bismarck's desire to exclude Austria from German affairs. Effects: Prussia dominated the North German Confederation, Austria weakened.
What were the causes and effects of the Franco-Prussian War?
Causes: Bismarck manipulated France into declaring war. Effects: German unification, French humiliation, cession of Alsace and Lorraine.
What were the causes and effects of Italian Unification?
Causes: Nationalism, leadership of Cavour and Garibaldi. Effects: Creation of a unified Italian state, altered European power dynamics.
What were the causes and effects of German Unification?
Causes: Nationalism, Bismarck's Realpolitik. Effects: Creation of a powerful German Empire, shifted the balance of power in Europe.
What were the causes and effects of the Danish War?
Causes: Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein. Effects: Prussia gained territory and increased its influence in Northern Germany.
What were the causes and effects of the First Balkan War?
Causes: Balkan states sought to expel the Ottoman Empire. Effects: Ottoman Empire lost territory in the Balkans, increased regional tensions.
What were the causes and effects of the Second Balkan War?
Causes: Disputes over the division of territory after the First Balkan War. Effects: Further destabilization of the Balkans, contributing to WWI tensions.
What were the causes and effects of the Compromise of 1867?
Causes: Hungarian desire for greater autonomy within the Austrian Empire. Effects: Creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Nationalism in the 19th century?
Causes: Enlightenment ideas, Romanticism, desire for self-determination. Effects: Unification of Italy and Germany, weakening of multinational empires, increased international tensions.
What is the Concert of Europe?
An agreement intended to maintain peace and the balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
Define Nationalism.
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, often including a desire for political independence.
What is Realpolitik?
A political philosophy focused on practical considerations and national interest rather than ideology or ethics.
Define Zollverein.
The economic union of German states in the 19th century, promoting trade and economic cooperation.
What was Young Italy?
A political movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to promote Italian unification through inspiring the youth.
What were the Red Shirts?
A volunteer army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during the unification process.
What is the Dual Monarchy?
The compromise of 1867, which created Austria-Hungary, giving Hungary more autonomy.
What is meant by 'balance of power'?
A distribution of power among nations so that no single state can dominate or interfere with the interests of others.
Define 'nation-state'.
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
Define 'Compromise of 1867'.
Also known as the Ausgleich, created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Gave Hungary considerable autonomy.