Cause: Devastating effects of war. Effect: Nations relied heavily on social welfare programs.

Causes: Ideological divide between communism and democracy. Effects: Indirect conflict, threat of nuclear war, decolonization.

Causes: War occupying imperial powers. Effects: Independence for colonies, loss of resources for imperial powers.

Causes: Technological advancements, increased connectivity. Effects: Economic growth, increased inequality, environmental damage.

Causes: Demographic shifts due to immigration. Effects: Ethnic conflicts, rise of xenophobic political parties.

Causes: Improvements in technology and science. Effects: Transformed daily life, increased global connections and cultural exchange.

Cause: Rapid economic development. Effect: Environmental damage, leading to the rise of Green Parties.

Cause: Globalization. Effect: Marginalizing minority groups.

Cause: The war against fascism. Effect: Created a stark conflict between democracy and communism.

Causes: Unrest and a weakening economy. Effects: Western Europe thrived.

Government programs providing support to citizens, especially in times of need.

An indirect conflict between the US and the Soviet Union, characterized by ideological struggle and proxy wars.

The process by which colonies gained independence from imperial powers.

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through trade, technology, and cultural exchange.

A philosophy emphasizing individual freedom, responsibility, and the search for meaning in a meaningless world.

A late 20th-century movement rejecting traditional values and objective truth, emphasizing subjectivity and relativism.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

Dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.

A fundamental difference in beliefs and values, such as between communism and democracy.

The advocacy of cultural, ethnic, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.

Communism, led by the Soviet Union, emphasized state control and equality. Capitalism, led by Western Europe, emphasized free markets and individual liberty.

Existentialism emphasizes individual freedom and the search for meaning, while Postmodernism rejects objective truth and traditional values.

The World Wars caused immense physical destruction and social upheaval. The Cold War led to ideological division and the threat of nuclear war.

Globalization led to economic growth for some but also increased inequality and marginalization for others.

Eastern Europe aligned with the Soviet Union and communism, while Western Europe aligned with the US and capitalism/democracy.

Positive: Economic growth, increased connectivity. Negative: Increased inequality, environmental damage.

Nationalism promotes unity within a nation, while separatism seeks to break away from a larger group.

The goal of movements for equality is to fight for greater rights.

Existentialism challenged traditional reliance on Catholic Church dogmas.

Movements for equality faced varying degrees of opposition.