A powerful force that can unite people but can also lead to conflict; fueled independence movements and ethnic tensions post-WWII.

Movements seeking greater autonomy or complete separation from an existing state.

Forced removal or killing of members of an ethnic or religious group to create a homogeneous population; a violation of international law.

Love for one's country.

The right of a people to choose their own government and political status.

Self-governance; the power or right of a group to govern itself.

Supreme power or authority; the authority of a state to govern itself.

The deliberate killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group with the aim of destroying that nation or group.

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

Nationalism can be aggressive and exclusionary, while patriotism is generally a love for one's country.

Separatism seeks greater autonomy or complete separation, while independence movements aim to end colonial rule and establish a new sovereign state.

Both were acts of genocide based on ethnic or religious identity, but the Holocaust was systematic and state-sponsored, while the Bosnian Genocide involved more localized violence.

Both involved forced displacement and mass killings, but the Armenian Genocide was largely driven by ethnic and religious persecution, while the expulsion of Ethnic Germans was a consequence of post-war territorial adjustments and retribution.

The Flemish Movement sought greater autonomy within Belgium through political means, while the Chechen Independence Movement involved armed conflict and a struggle for complete separation from Russia.

Colonialism is the subjugation of one people by another, while nationalism is a movement seeking self-determination and independence from colonial rule.

Both were post-war settlements, but the Congress of Vienna aimed to restore stability and balance of power, while the Treaty of Versailles sought to punish Germany and prevent future aggression.

Both were revolutionary movements that overthrew existing regimes, but the French Revolution was driven by Enlightenment ideals and aimed to establish a republic, while the Russian Revolution was driven by Marxist ideology and aimed to establish a communist state.

The American Civil War was fought over slavery and states' rights, while the Separatist movement in Catalonia is driven by cultural and economic factors.

India's decolonization was relatively peaceful, while Algeria's involved a violent war of independence against France.

Unleashed nationalism and separatism due to weakened European powers and the rise of self-determination.

Led to a surge in nationalist movements in colonized regions, driven by a desire for self-rule and an end to colonial exploitation.

Rooted in historical and religious divisions, it's a prime example of ongoing nationalist tensions.

The struggle for independence from Russia, demonstrating the violent potential of nationalist aspirations.

Sought greater autonomy for Flanders in Belgium due to cultural and linguistic differences.

The systematic genocide of Jews by Nazi Germany during WWII.

The massacre of Armenians by Turks after WWI.

The forced displacement of ethnic Germans from parts of Eastern Europe after WWII.

The genocide of Bosnian Muslims and Albanian Muslims in Kosovo by Bosnian Serbs.

Driven by a desire for self-rule and an end to colonial exploitation.