Renaissance and Exploration

Decreased use of metal tools

Increased food production

Reduced trade with Asia

Decline in urban populations

It facilitated immediate commercial transactions without long-term planning or investment strategies.

It allowed for the pooling of capital resources for large-scale ventures, spreading risk among shareholders.

It prioritized local over international trading endeavors due to easier logistical management.

It encouraged individual entrepreneurship by minimizing governmental control in business matters.

Guilds

Feudal manors

Joint-stock companies

Communes

By reducing investment overall because of high-interest rates charged by early banks on loans.

By leading governments exclusively towards laissez-faire policies due to deregulation trends.

By enabling entrepreneurs to invest beyond their own capital reserves, fuelling economic growth and innovation.

By completely eliminating barter systems in favor of standardized currency transactions only.

These companies played no significant role as monarchs retained absolute control over economic activities.

Joint-stock companies abolished traditional guild systems overnight by introducing modern capitalist practices.

They discouraged international trade by focusing solely on domestic investment opportunities.

They allowed for pooling of capital for larger ventures, thereby reducing individual risk and encouraging investment.

Encouragement of pastoral nomadism

Enclosure movement

Reversion to two-field system

Expansion of manorial duties

It led to deflation making money more valuable thus discouraging spending and investments.

It caused inflation that lowered living standards for many but benefitted merchants and aristocrats with fixed rents and debts.

It prompted a uniform decline in prices benefitting consumers but hurting producers' profits.

It increased wages uniformly across all classes creating widespread financial stability.

They pooled resources for large ventures and spread risk among investors.

They eliminated trade monopolies held by guilds.

They directly led to a decrease in feudal landholdings.

They standardized currency exchange rates across Europe.

The introduction of New World crops that replaced traditional European agricultural practices.

The widespread adoption of Roman law across Europe facilitating uniform legal trade frameworks.

The growth of towns and a merchant class that necessitated larger markets beyond local fiefdoms.

The decline in serfdom due primarily to peasant revolts rather than economic transitions.

A significant reduction in military spending owing to decreased reliance upon noble levies.

The cessation of public borrowing, rendered unnecessary by consistent tax income streams.

It led states toward centralizing power by creating more reliable sources of revenue through taxation system reforms.

The immediate abolishment of patronage networks since money replaced favors within governance structures.