Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments

Newton

Rousseau

Kepler

Galileo

The four bodily humors

Empirical evidence as a basis for knowledge

The Earth-centered universe

The crystal spheres of the cosmos

Montesquieu

Hobbes

Voltaire

Rousseau

They promoted violent revolutions leading to international wars.

They encouraged isolationism among European powers to pursue intellectual advancement.

They challenged religious intolerance, contributing to greater cultural exchange between nations.

They undermined trade relationships with non-European nations.

Religious institutions would hold less power over knowledge dissemination in society.

Non-European cultures would gain greater influence over philosophical thinking during this era due to a gap left by Descartes' absence.

Humans wouldn't develop a need for empirical proof leading to science's stagnation during this period.

Rationalism may not become a cornerstone of Western philosophy, potentially limiting the development of scientific method principles.

Paris, France

Berlin, Germany

Rome, Italy

London, England

Compiling and editing 'Encyclopédie,' which disseminated Enlightenment thought widely.

Establishing absolute monarchy as an ideal government form through his political treatises.

Formulating laws on planetary motion that undermined geocentric theories.

Leading armed resistance against colonial powers in South America based on Enlightenment principles.

Science became less popular among common people.

Originated idea of gravity.

Initiated deism movement.

Empirical evidence became central to proving theories.

Thermometer

Telescope

Microscope

Barometer

He introduced Darwin's theory of Evolution..

He provided evidence supporting heliocentrism, contradicting geocentrism.

He disproved Newton's laws of gravity..

He refuted Kepler's laws on planetary motion..