Model that shows the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

Push factors induce people to leave a location, while pull factors attract people to a new location.

More educated women tend to have fewer children due to career aspirations and increased access to family planning.

Access to contraceptives and reproductive health services decreases TFR.

In some cultures, large families are seen as a sign of economic security or social status, leading to higher fertility rates.

In agricultural societies, children may be seen as extra labor, leading to higher fertility rates.

Better healthcare, hospitals, and access to birth control lead to lower IMR.

Poor sanitation leads to higher IMR.

Job opportunities are the primary reason for most migrations, whether international, intra-national, interregional, or intraregional.

People migrate to places that are more accepting of their identity or religion.

People are forced to move due to political instability, war, or oppression.

Lower IMR often leads to lower TFR because parents are more confident that their children will survive to adulthood.

Can lead to economic growth, cultural diversity, but also strain on resources and social tensions.

Can lead to brain drain, labor shortages, but also remittances and reduced strain on resources.

Displacement, trauma, loss of cultural identity, and challenges in integration for migrants; strain on resources and potential social tensions for host countries.

Cause: Chain migration. Effects: Cultural preservation, social support, but also potential segregation and limited economic opportunities.

Cause: Lack of education, limited access to family planning. Effect: Rapid population growth, strain on resources, potential for poverty.

Cause: High levels of education, access to family planning. Effect: Slower population growth, aging population, potential labor shortages.

Cause: Lack of healthcare, poor sanitation. Effect: Reduced life expectancy, potential for social and economic instability.

Cause: Access to healthcare, good sanitation. Effect: Increased life expectancy, aging population, potential strain on social security systems.

Causes: Seeking better economic opportunities, political freedom, or personal fulfillment. Effects: Economic growth in receiving countries, brain drain in sending countries, cultural exchange.

Causes: War, persecution, natural disasters. Effects: Displacement, trauma, loss of cultural identity, strain on resources in host countries.

Average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Crude Death Rate (CDR). The percentage at which a population is growing.

The number of years it takes for a population to double, assuming the NIR stays constant.

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.

More people are moving into a country than leaving.

More people are leaving a country than moving in.

People move to places where family or community members have already settled.

Neighborhoods with a high concentration of a particular ethnic group.

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.