Compare TFR in developed vs. developing countries.
Developed countries: Lower TFR due to education and family planning. Developing countries: Higher TFR due to less education and subsistence farming.
Compare IMR in developed vs. developing countries.
Developed countries: Lower IMR due to better healthcare. Developing countries: Higher IMR due to lack of healthcare and poor sanitation.
Compare NIR in developed vs. developing countries.
Developed countries: Lower NIR due to lower birth rates. Developing countries: Higher NIR due to higher birth rates.
Compare net-in migration and net-out migration.
Net-in: More people moving in than out, common in developed countries. Net-out: More people moving out than in, common in developing countries.
Compare voluntary and forced migration.
Voluntary: People choose to move. Forced: People are compelled to move due to external factors like war or persecution.
Compare push and pull factors in migration.
Push factors are negative aspects of a place that cause people to leave, while pull factors are positive aspects that attract people to a new location.
Compare the impacts of migration on sending and receiving countries.
Sending countries may experience brain drain and labor shortages, while receiving countries may benefit from economic growth and cultural diversity.
Compare the characteristics of Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model.
Stage 1: High birth and death rates, low population growth. Stage 4: Low birth and death rates, stable or declining population.
Compare the causes of migration related to economic factors and social factors.
Economic factors involve job opportunities and financial stability, while social factors include chain migration and ethnic enclaves.
Compare the effects of high fertility rates and low fertility rates on a country's economy.
High fertility rates can strain resources and lead to poverty, while low fertility rates can lead to labor shortages and an aging population.
Compare the impact of migration on urban and rural areas.
Urban areas often experience increased population density and cultural diversity, while rural areas may face population decline and loss of labor.
What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?
Average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
What is Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
Number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
What is Natural Increase Rate (NIR)?
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - Crude Death Rate (CDR). The percentage at which a population is growing.
What is Doubling Time?
The number of years it takes for a population to double, assuming the NIR stays constant.
What is Net Migration?
The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
What is Net-In Migration?
More people are moving into a country than leaving.
What is Net-Out Migration?
More people are leaving a country than moving in.
What is Chain Migration?
People move to places where family or community members have already settled.
What are Ethnic Enclaves?
Neighborhoods with a high concentration of a particular ethnic group.
Define Crude Birth Rate (CBR).
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Define Crude Death Rate (CDR).
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
Explain the Demographic Transition Model.
Model that shows the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
What are push and pull factors?
Push factors induce people to leave a location, while pull factors attract people to a new location.
How does education influence fertility rates?
More educated women tend to have fewer children due to career aspirations and increased access to family planning.
How does access to family planning influence TFR?
Access to contraceptives and reproductive health services decreases TFR.
How do socio-cultural norms affect fertility rates?
In some cultures, large families are seen as a sign of economic security or social status, leading to higher fertility rates.
How do economic factors influence fertility rates?
In agricultural societies, children may be seen as extra labor, leading to higher fertility rates.
How does healthcare affect Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
Better healthcare, hospitals, and access to birth control lead to lower IMR.
How does sanitation affect Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?
Poor sanitation leads to higher IMR.
Explain how job opportunities cause migration.
Job opportunities are the primary reason for most migrations, whether international, intra-national, interregional, or intraregional.
How does religious acceptance influence migration?
People migrate to places that are more accepting of their identity or religion.
How does political instability cause migration?
People are forced to move due to political instability, war, or oppression.
