All Flashcards
What are the causes and effects of improved sanitation in Stage 2?
Cause: Improved sanitation. Effect: Decreased death rates, especially among infants.
What causes declining birth rates in Stage 3?
Causes: Industrialization, urbanization, increased education and workforce participation of women. Effect: Slower population growth.
What are the effects of an aging population in Stage 5?
Effects: Increased healthcare costs, strain on social security systems, potential labor shortages.
What causes the reemergence of infectious diseases in Stage 5 of the ETM?
Causes: Disease evolution, poverty, increased global connections, drug resistance. Effect: Increased mortality rates and healthcare challenges.
What is the impact of industrialization on birth rates?
Industrialization leads to urbanization, increased education, and greater workforce participation of women, resulting in lower birth rates.
How does increased global connection cause the reemergence of diseases?
Increased global travel and trade facilitate the rapid spread of infectious diseases across borders.
What is the effect of drug resistance on public health?
Drug resistance makes it harder to treat infectious diseases, leading to higher mortality rates and increased healthcare costs.
What are the causes and effects of pro-natalist policies?
Cause: Low birth rates and declining population. Effect: Financial incentives, childcare support, and other measures to encourage higher birth rates.
What is the impact of improved healthcare on life expectancy?
Improved healthcare leads to longer life expectancies and a shift towards chronic diseases as leading causes of death.
How does poverty contribute to the reemergence of infectious diseases?
Poverty leads to poor sanitation, malnutrition, and limited access to healthcare, making populations more vulnerable to infectious diseases.
Compare Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the DTM.
Both have low NIR, but Stage 1 has high birth and death rates, while Stage 4 has low birth and death rates.
Compare Stage 2 and Stage 3 of the DTM.
Stage 2 has high birth rates and rapidly declining death rates, while Stage 3 has declining birth rates and low death rates.
Compare the causes of death in Stage 1 and Stage 3 of the ETM.
Stage 1: Infectious diseases and famine. Stage 3: Chronic diseases associated with aging.
Compare the focus of healthcare in Stage 2 and Stage 4 of the ETM.
Stage 2: Improving sanitation and controlling infectious diseases. Stage 4: Managing chronic diseases and extending life expectancy.
Compare the population structure in Stage 2 and Stage 5 of the DTM.
Stage 2 has a wide base (many young people), while Stage 5 has a narrower base and a larger proportion of older people.
Compare the role of technology in Stage 2 and Stage 4 of the ETM.
Stage 2: Basic sanitation and hygiene technologies. Stage 4: Advanced medical technologies for treating chronic diseases.
Compare the economic conditions in Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the DTM.
Stage 1: Primarily agricultural, low economic development. Stage 4: Industrialized, high economic development.
Compare the impact of urbanization on birth rates in Stage 2 and Stage 3.
Stage 2: Limited urbanization, high birth rates. Stage 3: Increased urbanization leads to declining birth rates.
Compare the government policies in Stage 2 and Stage 5 of the DTM.
Stage 2: Focus on public health and sanitation. Stage 5: Focus on pro-natalist policies and supporting an aging population.
Compare the role of education in Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the DTM.
Stage 1: Limited access to education. Stage 4: High levels of education, especially for women, contributing to lower birth rates.
What does the DTM predict?
Future population trends based on birth and death rates.
How do population pyramids relate to the DTM?
Population pyramids reflect the age and sex structure of a population, indicating its stage in the DTM.
What is the main focus of the ETM?
The changing patterns of disease and causes of death in different stages of development.
What is the relationship between the DTM and ETM?
The ETM explains the causes of death in each stage of the DTM, providing insight into why birth and death rates change.
Explain the concept of 'aging populations'.
A population with a growing proportion of older individuals, often seen in Stage 4 and 5 of the DTM.
What are the characteristics of pre-industrial societies in Stage 1?
High infant mortality, short life expectancy, reliance on agriculture.
Why does the NIR increase rapidly in Stage 2?
Death rates decline due to improved sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare, while birth rates remain high.
What factors lead to declining fertility rates in Stage 3?
Industrialization, urbanization, increased education and workforce participation of women.
Why might death rates slightly increase in Stage 4 and 5?
Due to aging populations and the increased prevalence of age-related diseases.
What is the significance of understanding the DTM?
It helps governments plan for future resource allocation, healthcare needs, and economic development strategies based on population trends.