What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?
A model showing how populations change over time based on birth and death rates.
Define Natural Increase Rate (NIR).
The rate of population growth based on the difference between birth and death rates.
What is the Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)?
A model that explains the causes of death in each stage of the DTM.
Define pro-natalist policies.
Policies that encourage higher birth rates in a country.
What characterizes Stage 1 of the DTM?
High birth and death rates, stable population, pre-industrial societies.
What characterizes Stage 2 of the DTM?
High birth rate, rapidly decreasing death rate, rapid population growth.
What characterizes Stage 3 of the DTM?
Decreasing birth rate, low death rate, moderate population growth.
What characterizes Stage 4 of the DTM?
Low birth and death rates, stable population, developed countries.
What characterizes Stage 5 of the DTM?
Very low birth rate, low death rate, declining population.
Define total fertility rate.
The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
Compare Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the DTM.
Both have low NIR, but Stage 1 has high birth and death rates, while Stage 4 has low birth and death rates.
Compare Stage 2 and Stage 3 of the DTM.
Stage 2 has high birth rates and rapidly declining death rates, while Stage 3 has declining birth rates and low death rates.
Compare the causes of death in Stage 1 and Stage 3 of the ETM.
Stage 1: Infectious diseases and famine. Stage 3: Chronic diseases associated with aging.
Compare the focus of healthcare in Stage 2 and Stage 4 of the ETM.
Stage 2: Improving sanitation and controlling infectious diseases. Stage 4: Managing chronic diseases and extending life expectancy.
Compare the population structure in Stage 2 and Stage 5 of the DTM.
Stage 2 has a wide base (many young people), while Stage 5 has a narrower base and a larger proportion of older people.
Compare the role of technology in Stage 2 and Stage 4 of the ETM.
Stage 2: Basic sanitation and hygiene technologies. Stage 4: Advanced medical technologies for treating chronic diseases.
Compare the economic conditions in Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the DTM.
Stage 1: Primarily agricultural, low economic development. Stage 4: Industrialized, high economic development.
Compare the impact of urbanization on birth rates in Stage 2 and Stage 3.
Stage 2: Limited urbanization, high birth rates. Stage 3: Increased urbanization leads to declining birth rates.
Compare the government policies in Stage 2 and Stage 5 of the DTM.
Stage 2: Focus on public health and sanitation. Stage 5: Focus on pro-natalist policies and supporting an aging population.
Compare the role of education in Stage 1 and Stage 4 of the DTM.
Stage 1: Limited access to education. Stage 4: High levels of education, especially for women, contributing to lower birth rates.
What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?
Stage 1: High Stationary, Stage 2: Early Expanding, Stage 3: Late Expanding, Stage 4: Low Stationary, Stage 5: Declining.
What are the stages of the Epidemiological Transition Model?
Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine, Stage 2: Receding Pandemics, Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases, Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases, Stage 5: Reemergence of Infectious Diseases.
Describe the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 in the DTM.
Death rates decline rapidly due to improvements in sanitation, nutrition, and healthcare, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth.
Describe the transition from Stage 2 to Stage 3 in the DTM.
Birth rates begin to decline due to factors like urbanization and increased education, while death rates remain low, leading to slower population growth.
What is the process of a country moving from Stage 3 to Stage 4?
Birth rates continue to decline and eventually reach low levels, similar to death rates, resulting in a stable population.
Describe the progression of causes of death in the ETM from Stage 1 to Stage 3.
From infectious diseases and famine to a decline in pandemics, then to chronic diseases associated with aging.
What is the process leading to the reemergence of infectious diseases in Stage 5 of the ETM?
Disease evolution, poverty, increased global connections, and drug resistance contribute to the resurgence.
Outline the steps a country might take to move from Stage 2 to Stage 4.
Invest in education, promote family planning, improve healthcare, and foster economic development to lower birth rates and stabilize the population.
Describe the shift in focus in healthcare from Stage 3 to Stage 4 of the ETM.
From managing chronic diseases to extending life expectancy through advanced medical treatments and technologies.
Explain the steps involved in a country implementing pro-natalist policies.
Identifying the need, creating incentives (e.g., tax breaks, childcare support), and implementing programs to encourage higher birth rates.
