The belief or policy that encourages childbearing, often in response to declining birth rates.

The belief or policy that discourages childbearing, often in response to overpopulation concerns.

Accepting more immigrants can increase NIR, while restricting immigration can decrease it.

Countries in different stages of the DTM often implement different population policies to address their specific demographic challenges.

Cultural norms, education levels, and access to reproductive health services all play a role.

The cost of raising children, employment opportunities for women, and access to healthcare all play a role.

An anti-natalist policy implemented to control rapid population growth, involving incentives and penalties.

To increase the natural increase rate (NIR) by encouraging higher birth rates.

To lower the natural increase rate (NIR) by discouraging births.

Immigration policies can significantly alter population size and structure, affecting the dependency ratio and workforce.

Policies that encourage people to have more children, aimed at increasing birth rates.

Policies that discourage people from having children, aimed at decreasing birth rates.

The difference between birth rates and death rates in a population.

Someone forced to leave their country due to persecution, seeking asylum.

Someone who chooses to move to a new country for better opportunities.

A stage in the Demographic Transition Model where birth rates are very low and population is shrinking.

A set of measures implemented by a government to influence population size, growth, or composition.

A medical procedure that makes a person unable to produce children, sometimes used in anti-natalist policies.

An unequal ratio of males to females in a population, often a consequence of anti-natalist policies favoring male children.

The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.

Cause: Rapid population growth. Effects: Lower NIR, gender imbalance, aging population.

Cause: Low birth rates and aging population. Effects: Increased birth rates (potentially), concerns about employer hesitance to hire women.

Causes: Economic opportunities, political instability in other countries. Effects: Increased NIR, cultural diversity, potential strain on resources.

Causes: High cost of living, career-focused lifestyles, access to contraception. Effects: Aging population, shrinking workforce, strain on social security systems.

Reduced birth rates but also public outcry and ethical concerns.

May lead to concerns about hiring women due to maternity leave.

Can lead to gender imbalances due to preference for male children.

Can boost the economy by increasing the workforce and consumer base.

Increased strain on social security and healthcare systems, potential labor shortages.

Cause: Low birth rates and aging population. Effects: Attempt to increase birth rates, potential economic strain, limited success due to cultural norms.