Increased trade can make national borders less relevant for economic activity.

Increased mobility leads to cultural exchange, migration, and more diverse populations.

Increased resource consumption and pollution are global challenges linked to globalization.

Nationalism and independence movements led to the creation of many new independent states.

The Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe, creating new countries and altering existing borders.

Outsourcing and automation have changed employment patterns worldwide, shifting jobs to different regions.

The breakup of the Soviet Union redrew borders creating new countries.

Cultural shifts can reshape political maps.

Economic agreements can lead to new political entities or border changes.

Nationalism can reshape political maps.

Heartland Theory emphasizes control of Eurasia's interior, while Rimland Theory emphasizes control of its coastal areas.

National boundaries define a country's sovereignty, while subnational boundaries divide power within a country.

A nation is a group of people with shared culture, while a state is a political entity with defined territory and government.

Supranationalism involves states cooperating, while devolution involves power transferring away from the central government.

Core regions are developed and dominate the global economy, while periphery regions are less developed and exploited for resources.

Unitary governments concentrate power in the central government, while federal governments share power between central and regional governments.

Centripetal forces unite a state, while centrifugal forces divide a state.

Historical events are wars and treaties, while social factors are nationalism and independence movements.

Globalization can weaken state control over borders but also lead to cultural homogenization or resistance.

Economic agreements can create new political entities, while cultural shifts can reshape existing states.

The connection between people, their culture, and their claimed territory.

A line defining the limits of a country's sovereignty.

State, provincial, or local boundaries dividing power within a country.

City limits, neighborhoods, or property lines reflecting control over space.

Boundaries demarcating areas with specific legal or regulatory frameworks.

Supreme power or authority; the right of a state to govern itself.

A political entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

A group of people with a shared culture, history, and often language, who feel a sense of unity.

Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation among three or more states to promote shared objectives.

The transfer of power from a central government to regional or local authorities.